A Hadoop job, which is expected to run on many computers at the same time, need to use multiple mappers and reducers. It is possible to control these numbers to some degree.

The number of mappers is determined automatically according to input files sizes. Every input file is divided into splits. The default split size is 32MB. Every file split is then executed by a different mapper.

The size of file split can be overridden by mapred.min.split.size and maperd.max.split.size. See the next step for how to set these flags.

The number of reducers is specified by the job, defaulting to one if unspecified. As the outputs of reducers are not merged, there are as many output files as reducers.

To use multiple reducers, the MR job must be executed by a cluster (even with one computer), not locally. The number of reducers is specified by -r flag:

perl script.pl [-jt cluster_master | -c cluster_size [-w sec_to_wait]] [-r number_of_reducers]

Optimal number of reducers is the same as the number of machines in the cluster, so that all the reducers can run in parallel at the same time.

When there are multiple reducers, it is important how the (key, value) pairs are distributed between the reducers.

By default, (key, value) pair is sent to a reducer number hash(key) modulo number_of_reducers. This guarantees that for one key, all its values are processed by a unique reducer.

To override the default behaviour, MR job can specify a partitioner. A partitioner is given every (key, value) pair produced by a mapper, it is also given the number of reducers, and outputs the zero-based number of reducer, where this (key, value) pair belongs.

A partitioner should be provided if

• the default partitioner fails to distribute the data between reducers equally, i.e., some of the reducers operate on much more data than others.
• you need an explicit control of (key, value) placement. This can happen for example when sorting data.

package My::Partitioner;
use Moose;
with 'Hadoop::Partitioner';
 
sub getPartition {
  my ($self, $key, $value, $partitions) = @_;
 
  return $key % $partitions;
}
 
...
package main;
use Hadoop::Runner;
 
my $runner = Hadoop::Runner->new(
  ...
  partitioner => My::Partitioner->new(),
  ...);
...

A MR job must have a reducer if it specifies a partitioner. Also, the partitioner is not called if there is only one reducer.

It is guaranteed that every reducer processes the keys in ascending order.

On the other hand, the order of values belonging to one key is undefined.

Run one MR job on '/home/straka/wiki/cs-text-medium', which creates two output files – one with ascending list of unique article names and the other with an ascending list of unique words. You can download the template step-8-exercise.pl and execute it.

wget --no-check-certificate 'https://wiki.ufal.ms.mff.cuni.cz/_media/courses:mapreduce-tutorial:step-8-exercise.txt' -O 'step-8-exercise.pl'
# NOW EDIT THE FILE
# $EDITOR step-8-exercise.pl
rm -rf step-8-out-ex; perl step-8-exercise.pl -c 2 -r 2 /home/straka/wiki/cs-text-medium/ step-8-out-ex
less step-8-out-ex/part-*

You can also download the solution step-8-solution.pl and check the correct output.

wget --no-check-certificate 'https://wiki.ufal.ms.mff.cuni.cz/_media/courses:mapreduce-tutorial:step-8-solution.txt' -O 'step-8-solution.pl'
# NOW VIEW THE FILE
# $EDITOR step-8-solution.pl
rm -rf step-8-out-sol; perl step-8-solution.pl -c 2 -r 2 /home/straka/wiki/cs-text-medium/ step-8-out-sol
less step-8-out-sol/part-*