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--- user:zeman:interset:features [2008/04/30 17:04]
zeman Removed pos = det and pos = pron.
+++ user:zeman:interset:features [2013/11/18 17:28]
zeman Numeral type range.
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 ===== subpos =====
-Detailed part of speech.
+Detailed part of speech. Subject to change - more value groups will probably be made separate features, e.g. ''verbtype''.
 | **Value** | **Main pos** | **Description** |
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 | det | adj | determiner (function word modifying a noun phrase: English "this", "that"); regarded indefinite/demonstrative pronoun in some tagsets; includes articles (see below) in some tagsets |
 | art | adj | article, i.e. determiner bearing only the feature of definiteness or indefinitess and nothing more (English "a", "an", "the", German "der", "die", "das", Portuguese "um", "uma", "o", "a", "os", "as") |
-| pers | pron | personal pronoun |
-| clit | pron | clitic personal pronoun (Czech "mě", "ti", "mu", "se", "si"…) |
-| recip | pron | reciprocal pronoun (Danish "hinanden") |
-| digit | num | number written using digits |
-| roman | num | number written using Roman numerals ("XIV") |
-| card | num | cardinal number |
-| ord | num | ordinal number |
-| mult | num | multiplier number ("five times") |
-| frac | num | fraction ("one fifth") |
 | aux | verb, part | auxiliary verb used to construct complex verb forms (Czech "být", English "have", "will") |
+| cop | verb | copula verb (Czech "být") |
 | mod | verb | modal verb (German "dürfen", "können", "mögen", "müssen", "sollen", "wollen", "wissen"; Czech "muset", "mít", "moci", "smět", "umět", "chtít"; English "must", "can", "shall"); note that adverbs and particles have their own ''mod'' subpos |
 | verbconj | verb | finite verb with the enclitic "-ť" (Czech "neboť" = "because") |
-| man | adv | adverb of manner |
-| loc | adv | adverb of location |
-| tim | adv | adverb of time |
-| deg | adv | adverb of quantity or degree |
-| cau | adv | adverb of cause ("why") |
 | mod | adv, part | modal particle (Bulgarian "май" = "possibly", "нека" = "let"; Czech "ať", "kéž", "nechť") or adverb of modal nature (Bulgarian "апропо"); note that verbs have their own ''mod'' subpos |
+| adadj | adv | ad-adjective: special form in Finnish, derived from adjectives, used only to modify other adjectives (http://archives.conlang.info/pei/juenchen/phaelbhaduen.html) |
 | ex | adv | existential "there" in English |
 | voc | prep | vocalized preposition (Czech "ve" as opposed to base form "v") |
@@ Line 74: / Line 62: @@
 | neg | Negative pronoun ("nobody, nothing, none"). This is not the same as the negativeness feature. Unlike e.g. negative and positive adjectives or verbs, negative pronouns are not complements of some "positive" pronouns. Instead, they usually correspond to zero, nothing. |
 | ind | Indefinite pronoun ("somebody", "something", "anybody", "anything"). Being an indefinite pronoun is not the same as being morphologically indefinite (definiteness=ind). For instance, in Bulgarian there are morphologically definite lexically indefinite pronouns ("едната", "едното", "едните", "нещата"). In some languages, we could subclassify the indefinite pronouns into "few" ("málokdo"), "ind" ("někdo"), "mny" ("leckdo"), "any" ("kdokoli" - anybody you pick but you pick only one, not all at once; this is the difference from the totality pronouns) |
-| tot | Totality pronoun ("everybody", "everything") |
+| tot | Totality (universal) pronoun ("everybody", "everything") |
+===== numtype =====
+Subclasses of numerals. See also ''prontype'' (interrogative and indefinite numerals set it), ''numform'' and ''numvalue''.
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| card | cardinal number |
+| ord | ordinal number |
+| mult | multiplier number ("five times") |
+| frac | fraction ("one fifth") |
+| gen | generic numeral ("twofold", Czech "jedny", "čtvery", "čtvero", "čtverý") |
+| dist | distributive numeral (Hungarian "három-három" in "gyermekenként három-három ezer forinttal" = "three thousand forint per child") |
+| range | range of values, subtype of card ("two-five" = "two to five") |
+===== numform =====
+Is a number expressed by a word or by digits? Depending on tokenization and tagging scheme, this feature may be orthogonal to the distinction between cardinals and ordinals.
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| word | numeral word ("fourteen") |
+| digit | number written using digits ("14") |
+| roman | number written using Roman numerals ("XIV") |
+===== numvalue =====
+Low-value numerals display special behavior in some languages (e.g. Czech). This feature helps distinguish them. See also [[#accommodability]].
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| 1 | numeric value 1 (Czech "jeden", "první") |
+| 2 | numeric value 2 (Czech "druhý", "dvojí", "dvojnásob", "dva", "nadvakrát", "oba", "obojí") |
+| 3 | numeric value 3 or 4 (Czech "čtvrtý", "čtyři", "potřetí", "tři", "třetí", "třikrát") |
+===== accommodability =====
+Note that this feature has not been approved so far, as it only occurs rarely in the old version of the Polish corpus, and it is not clear what exactly it encodes.
+In Polish, special behavior of numerals (cf. [[#numvalue]]) cannot be predicted from the value of the number. So unlike the tagset for Czech, Polish IPI PAN tagset (version 1 only; it disappeared from version 2) takes a different approach and encodes "accommodability". The key question is: Does the numeral agree in case with the counted noun, or does it govern the noun and force it to genitive plural?
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| congr | uzgadniająca (Polish "dwaj", "pięcioma") |
+| rec | rządząca (Polish "dwóch", "dwu", "pięciorgiem") |
+Příklady rec: trzech wileńskich i dwóch warszawskich; wyszło wielu znakomitych uczonych, pobierało dwunastu studentów, pięciu mych współpracowników; dziewięciu profesorów opowiedziało się
+Příklady congr: obaj byli indywidualnościami; wszyci trzej prowadzili; dwaj synowie: Czesław; obaj synowie studiowali; czterej profesorowie głosowali
+Řada výskytů číslovek nemá (ani v té verzi 1) vyznačenu ani jednu hodnotu, např.: o kilku artykułach, przedstawił trzy swoje dzieła, wystąpił z sześcioma prelekcjami, z których trzy zostały...
+===== advtype =====
+Subclasses of adverbs. See also ''prontype'' (pronominal adverbs set it).
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| man | adverb of manner ("how") |
+| loc | adverb of location ("where") |
+| tim | adverb of time ("when") |
+| deg | adverb of quantity or degree ("how much") |
+| cau | adverb of cause ("why") |
 ===== punctype =====
@@ Line 126: / Line 172: @@
 ===== negativeness =====
-Distinguishes also negative pronouns like "nothing."
 | **Value** | **Description** |
@@ Line 136: / Line 180: @@
 See also the ''prontype'' feature.
+In Arabic, definiteness is also called the //state.//
+http://www.grammaticalfeatures.net/features/definiteness.html
+http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_constructus
+http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/padt/PADT_1.0/docs/papers/2004-nemlar-padt.pdf
 | **Value** | **Description** |
 | ind | indefinite |
 | def | definite |
-| red | reduced: used in [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_constructus|construct state]] in Arabic. If two nouns are in genitive relation, the first one has "reduced definiteness," the second is the genitive. |
+| red | reduced: used in [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_constructus|construct state]] in Arabic. If two nouns are in genitive relation, the first one (the "nomen regens") has "reduced definiteness," the second is the genitive and can be either definite or indefinite. Reduced form has neither the definite morpheme (article), nor the indefinite morpheme (nunation). For instance: indefinite state: حلوَةٌ //ḥulwatun// “a sweet”; definite state: الحلوَةُ //al-ḥulwatu// “the sweet”; حلوَةُ //ḥulwatu// “sweet of”. |
+| com | complex: used in [[http://books.google.cz/books?id=rs3hzfgj3hoC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&dq=arabic+improper+annexation&source=bl&ots=d6gGCpprOX&sig=3G6YkRZsIy_EL0OCEh7_V7qqnlE&hl=cs&ei=ZasDTuLhGc_vsgaLlcyeDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=arabic%20improper%20annexation&f=false|improper annexation]] in Arabic. The genitive construction described above normally consists of two nouns (first reduced, second genitive). That is called proper annexation or iḍāfa. If the first member is an adjective or adjectivally used participle and the second member is a definite noun, the construction is called improper annexation or false iḍāfa. The result is a compound adjective that is usually used as an attributive adjunct and thus must agree in definiteness with the noun it modifies. Its first part (the adjective or participle) may get again the definite article. Although it may look the same as the form for the definite state, it is assigned a special value of //complex// state to reflect the different origin. See also [[http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/padt/PADT_1.0/docs/papers/2004-nemlar-padt.pdf|Hajič et al.]] page 3. For instance: مُخْتَلِفٌ //muxtalifun// “different/various” (active participle, Form VIII); نَوْعٌ ج أنْوَاعٌ //nawˀun ja anwāˀun// “kind”; مُخْتَلِفُ الأنْوَاعِ //muxtalifu al-anwāˀi// “of various kinds” (false iḍāfa); مَشَاكِلُ مُخْتَلِفَةُ الأنْوَاعِ //mašākilu muxtalifatu al-anwāˀi// “problems of various kinds”; اَلْمَشَاكِلُ الْمُخْتَلِفَةُ الأنْوَاعِ //al-mašākilu al-muxtalifatu al-anwāˀi// “the problems of various kinds”. |
 ===== foreign =====
@@ Line 147: / Line 196: @@
 | foreign | foreign word (not a loan word but a citation in a foreign language — e.g., the title of a foreign book) |
-===== gender, possgender =====
+===== gender =====
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| masc | masculine |
+| fem | feminine |
+| com | common, utrum |
+| neut | neuter |
+===== possgender =====
 Possgender is possessor's gender.
@@ Line 161: / Line 218: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
 | anim | animate |
+| nhum | animate but not human |
 | inan | inanimate |
-===== number, possnumber =====
+The distinction of human vs. nonhuman occurs in Polish grammar, e.g. the word "który" (which):
+| gender | sg-nom | sg-gen | sg-dat | sg-acc | sg-ins | sg-loc | pl-nom | pl-gen | pl-dat | pl-acc | pl-ins | pl-loc |
+| animate human | który | którego | któremu | którego | którym | którym | **którzy** | których | którym | **których** | którymi | których |
+| animate non-human | który | którego | któremu | którego | którym | którym | które | których | którym | które | którymi | których |
+| inanimate | który | którego | któremu | **który** | którym | którym | które | których | którym | które | którymi | których |
+===== number =====
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| sing | singular |
+| dual | dual |
+| plu | plural |
+| ptan | plurale tantum |
+| coll | collective / mass / singulare tantum |
+//Pluralia tantum// is a special case of plural, occurring e.g. in Czech. It applies to words that do not have singular forms. They use grammatical plural regardless of semantic number. Czech example: //nůžky// "scissors": //Papír rozstříhejte nůžkami.// "Use scissors to cut the paper to pieces." (semantic singular) vs. //Koupil jsem si dvoje nůžky.// "I bought two pairs of scissors." (semantic plural)
+//Collective// or //mass// or //singularia tantum// is a special case of singular. It applies to words that use grammatical singular to describe sets of objects, i.e. semantic plural. Although in theory they might be able to form plural, in practice it would be rarely semantically plausible. Sometimes, the plural form exists and means "several sorts of". Czech example: //lidstvo// "mankind".
+===== possnumber =====
 Possnumber is possessor's number.
@@ Line 172: / Line 250: @@
 | plu | plural |
-===== case =====
+It applies e.g. to possessive pronouns and it can be different from their grammatical number, which is governed by agreement with the modified (possessed) noun phrase. Czech example: //můj pes// "my dog" (grammatical singular, possessor singular), //mí psi// "my dogs" (grammatical plural, possessor singular), //náš pes// "our dog" (grammatical singular, possessor plural), //naši psi// "our dogs" (grammatical plural, possessor plural).
+===== possednumber =====
+Possednumber is the possessee's (possessed, owned noun phrase's) number.
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| nom | nominative |
+| sing | singular |
-| gen | genitive |
+| dual | dual |
-| dat | dative |
+| plu | plural |
-| acc | accusative or oblique |
-| voc | vocative |
+In Hungarian, possession can be marked on the possessor or on the possessed. It is possible, though rare, that a noun has three distinct number features: its own grammatical number, number of its possessor and number of its possession. Examples from the Multext-East Hungarian lexicon:
-| loc | locative |
-| ins | instrumental |
+  * könnyedén (SSS)
+    * könny = a tear (singular)
+    * könnyed = your tear (singular owner)
+    * könnyedé = (possession) of your tear (singular possession)
+    * könnyedén = (on the possession) of your tear (superessive case)
+  * ellenfeleié (PSS)
+    * ellenfél = an opponent (singular)
+    * ellenfele = his/her/its opponent (singular owner)
+    * ellenfelei = his/her/its opponents (core plural, singular owner)
+    * ellenfeleié = (possession) of his/her/its opponents (singular possession)
+  * életeké (SPS)
+    * él = point (singular)
+    * élek = points (plural)
+    * élén = his/her/its point (singular owner)
+    * élünk = our point (plural owner)
+    * életeké = (possession) of our point (singular possession)
+  * tárgyalópartnereinkét (PPS)
+    * tárgyalópartner = negotiator (singular)
+    * tárgyalópartnerei = his/her/its negotiators (plural, singular owner)
+    * tárgyalópartnereinkét = (possession) of our negotiators (plural, plural owner, singular possession, accusative case)
+Words marked for plural possessions are very rare, though. Note that in the following example from Multext-East, Columbus is marked for plural possession, but not for his own owner.
+  * Kolumbuszéinál
+    * Kolumbusz = Columbus (singular)
+    * Kolumbuszéi = (possessions) of Columbus (plural possession)
+    * Kolumbuszéinál = (at the possessions) of Columbus (adessive case)
+===== case =====
+| **Value** | **Description** | **Examples** |
+| nom | nominative | cs: dům, budova = a house, building |
+| gen | genitive | cs: domu, budovy = of a house; in Basque, this is possessive genitive (as opposed to locative genitive): diktadorearen erregimena = dictator's regime (diktadore = dictator) |
+| dat | dative | cs: domu, budově = to a house |
+| acc | accusative or oblique | cs: dům, budovu = a house |
+| voc | vocative | cs: dome, budovo = hey, you house! |
+| loc | locative | cs: v&nbsp;domě, budově = in a house; used also for locative genitive (as opposed to possessive genitive) in Basque: talde anarkistako = group of anarchists |
+| ins | instrumental | cs: domem, budovou = with/through/using/by a house |
+| ist | instructive | Used rarely in Finnish to express "with (the aid of)", i.e. semantically similar to instrumental (which is not defined in Finnish grammar). Shall we merge instructive with instrumental? |
+| abl | ablative | hu: a barátomtól jövök = jdu od kamaráda fi: pöydältä = se stolu; katolta = se střechy; rannalta = z pláže |
+| par | partitive | Ve finštině vyjadřuje neznámou identitu a neukončené akce bez výsledku. Příklady užití: kolme taloa = tři domy (koncovka -a u talo); rakastan tätä taloa = mám rád tento dům; saanko lainata kirjaa? = můžu si půjčit tu knihu? (koncovka -a u kirja); lasissa on maitoa = ve sklenici je (nějaké) mléko; akuzativ: ammuin karhun = zastřelil jsem medvěda (a vím, že je mrtvý); partitiv: ammuin karhua = střelil jsem po medvědovi (a nevím ani, jestli jsem ho trefil); Akuzativ (v opozici k partitivu) taky může suplovat chybějící budoucí čas: akuzativ: luen kirjan = přečtu si tu knihu; partitiv: luen kirjaa = čtu knihu |
+| dis | distributive | Vyjadřuje, že se něco stalo každému prvku množiny, jednomu po druhém. Nebo vyjadřuje frekvenci v čase. hu: fejenként = na hlavu, esetenként = v některém případě, hetenként = jednou týdně, tízpercenként = každých deset minut |
+| ess | essive / prolative | Určuje dočasný stav, často odpovídá anglickému "as a ...". fi: lapsi = dítě, lapsena = jako dítě, když byl dítě ee: laps = dítě, lapse = dítěte (genitiv), lapsena = jako dítě. Similar case called prolative in Basque grammar: eu: erreformistatzat = as a reformer (erreformista = reformer) |
+| tra | translative / factive | Určuje změnu stavu ("stává se X", "mění se na X"). Také význam "v (jazyce)". Finština. pitkä = dlouhý, venyi pitkäksi = prodloužil se englanti = angličtina, englanniksi = v angličtině kello kuusi = šest hodin, kello kuudeksi = do šesti hodin ee: kell kuus = šest hodin, kella kuueks = do šesti hodin. In Szeged Treebank called factive. hu: Oroszlány halott várossá válhat. = lit. Oroszlány dead city/tra could-become. = Oroszlány could become a dead city. |
+| com | comitative / associative | Vyjadřuje "společně s". ee: koeraga = se psem (koer = pes) |
+| abe | abessive | Vyjadřuje "bez". fi: rahatta = bez peněz (raha = peníze) |
+| ine | inessive | hu: házban = v domě (ház = dům) fi: talossa = v domě (talo = dům) ee: majas = v domě (maja = dům) |
+| ela | elative | hu: házból = z domu fi: talosta = z domu ee: majast = z domu |
+| ill | illative | hu: házba = do domu fi: taloon = do domu ee: majasse / majja = do domu |
+| add | additive | Distinguished by some scholars in Estonian, not recognized by traditional grammar, exists in the Multext-East Estonian tagset and in the Eesti keele puudepank. Reportedly same or similar meaning as illative. Forms of this case exist only in singular and not for all nouns. |
+| ade | adessive | hu: asztalon = na stole (asztal = stůl) fi: pöydällä = na stole ee: laual = na stole (laud = stůl) |
+| all | allative | fi: pöydälle = na stůl (pöytä = stůl) |
+| sub | sublative | Used in Finno-Ugric languages to express the destination of movement, originally to the surface of something (e.g. climb a tree), and, by extension, in other figurative meanings as well (eg to university). hu: Belgrádtól 150 kilométerre délnyugatra = Belgrade/abl 150 kilometer/sub southwest/sub = 150 kilometers southwest of Belgrade. hu: hajóra = na loď (hajó = loď), bokorra = na keř |
+| sup | superessive | Used, chiefly [[http://www.hungarianreference.com/Nouns/-n-superessive.aspx|in Hungarian]], to indicate location on top of something or on the surface of something. hu: asztalon = on the table (asztal = table), könyveken = on books (könyvek = books) |
+| del | delative | Used, chiefly [[http://www.hungarianreference.com/Nouns/r%C3%B3l-rol-delative.aspx|in Hungarian]], to express the movement from the surface of something (like "moved off the table"). hu: az asztalról = off the table. Směr "z, od", ale používá se i v jiných významech (např. "o něčem"). hu: Budapestről vagyok = jsem, přicházím z Budapešti |
+| lat | lative | Denotes movement towards/to/into/onto something. Similar case in Basque is called directional allative (Spanish //adlativo direccional//). However, lative is typically thought of as a union of allative, illative and sublative, while in Basque it is derived from allative, which also exists independently. eu: beherantz = down (behe = low) |
+| tem | temporal | Určuje čas. hu: hétkor = v sedm, éjfélkor = o půlnoci, karácsonykor = o Vánocích |
+| ter | terminative | Specifies where something ends in space or time. Similar case in Basque is called terminal allative (Spanish //adlativo terminal//). ee: jõeni = down to the river; ee: kella kuueni = till six o'clock; hu: a házig = up to the house; hu: hat óráig = till six o'clock; eu: erdiraino = up to the half (erdi = half) |
+| abs | absolutive | Subject of intransitive verb, direct object of transitive verb. |
+| erg | ergative | Subject of transitive verb. |
+| cau | causative / motivative | Noun in this case is the cause of something. hu: Hálás leszekérte. eu: jokaeragatik = because of behavior (jokaera = behavior) |
+| ben | benefactive / destinative | Corresponds to the preposition "for". eu: mutilarentzat = for boys (mutil = boy) |
+  * Fine grained locative cases (Uralic languages)
+| | **Where** | **Where to** | **Where from** |
+| **Inside of** | inessive | illative | elative |
+| **Surface of** | adessive | allative | ablative |
+| **Surface of** | superessive | sublative | delative |
+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_grammatical_cases
+http://www.hungarianreference.com/Nouns/-n-superessive.aspx
+Ten příklad s knihou u partitivu máš blbě, ne? "Saanko lainata kirjaa?" je "Můžu si půjčit knihu?", "tu knihu" by bylo "kirjan", ne?  --- //[[stepanek@ufal.mff.cuni.cz|stepanek]] 30.10.2009 12:45//
+Copak já vím? Finsky neumím. Je to převzaté z anglické Wikipedie.  --- //[[zeman@ufal.mff.cuni.cz|zeman]] 31.10.2009 16:29//
 ===== prepcase =====
@@ Line 209: / Line 365: @@
 | 2 | second (you) |
 | 3 | third (he, she, it, they) |
+===== possperson =====
+Possgender is possessor's person, marked e.g. in Hungarian.
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| 1 | first (my, our) |
+| 2 | second (your) |
+| 3 | third (his, her, its, their) |
 ===== politeness =====
@@ Line 233: / Line 398: @@
 | trans | transgressive, adverbial participle (modifies other verbs, behaves like adverb; Czech present "dělaje", past "udělav") |
 | ger | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund|gerund]] ([[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_noun|verbal noun]]) |
 ===== mood =====
@@ Line 241: / Line 405: @@
 | imp | imperative |
 | cnd | conditional |
+| pot | potential (Finnish: the action of the verb is likely but not certain) |
 | sub | subjunctive (conjunctive) (spojovací) |
 | jus | jussive (přací) |
+| qot | quotative (Estonian: denotes direct speech) |
+| opt | optative (Turkish; "May you have a long life! If only I were rich!") |
+| des | desiderative (Turkish; "He wants to come.") |
+| nec | necessitative (Turkish; "He must come. He should come.") |
 ===== tense =====
@@ Line 250: / Line 419: @@
 | pres | present |
 | fut | future |
 ===== subtense =====
@@ Line 261: / Line 429: @@
 | aor | aorist |
 | imp | imperfect |
+| nar | narrative (Turkish //miş//-past) |
 | pqp | pluperfect |
 ===== aspect =====
+See [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_aspect|Wikipedia]] for a list of possible aspects.
 | **Value** | **Description** |
 | imp | imperfect |
 | perf | perfect |
+| pro | prospective |
+| prog | progressive |
 ===== voice =====
@@ Line 274: / Line 447: @@
 | act | active |
 | pass | passive |
+| rcp | reciprocal (Turkish "karıştı", "tutuştular") |
+| cau | causative (Turkish "karıştırıyor" ("is confusing")) |
+{{:user:zeman:treebanks:ttbankkl.pdf|Documentation}} of the METU Sabanci treebank classifies causative as voice (page 26). Note that this is a feature of verbs. There are languages that have also the causative case of nouns.
 ===== abbr =====
@@ Line 289: / Line 466: @@
 | hyph | hyphenated prefix ("anglo-" in "anglo-saxon") |
+===== echo =====
+Is this a reduplicative or echo word? Such words occur in Hindi. In Hyderabad Dependency Treebank they get their own part-of-speech tags RDP and ECH, respectively. We do not want to treat them as separate parts of speech because they could be assigned a POS independent of their RDP or ECH status (same as the word that they echo). We may want to merge this feature in future with ''hyph'' into a new feature called ''compound''.
+| **Value** | **Meaning** | **Explanation** | **Examples** |
+| rdp | reduplicative | The word is a copy of a previous word. In Hindi, this would add the meaning of distribution ("one rupee each"), separation ("sit separately"), variety, diversity or just emphasis. | hi: "कभी - कभी" = "kabhī - kabhī" = "sometimes", "कभी" = "kabhī" = "sometimes"; "एक एक" = "eka eka" = "one each", "एक" = "eka" = "one" |
+| ech | echo | The word rhymes with a previous word but it is not identical to it and typically id does not have any meaning of its own. In Hindi it generalizes the meaning of the previous word and eventually translates as "or something", "etc." etc. | hi: "चाय वाय" = "čāya vāya" = "tea or something" (as in "Have some tea or something.") |
+For more details see Rupert Snell and Simon Weightman: //Teach Yourself Hindi,// Section 16.4 and 16.5, pages 210 – 211.
 ===== style =====
@@ Line 298: / Line 483: @@
 | norm | normal, neutral |
 | coll | colloquial |
+| vrnc | vernacular |
+| slng | slang |
+| derg | derogative |
+| vulg | vulgar |
 ===== typo =====

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