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--- user:zeman:interset:features [2009/10/31 16:29]
zeman Nevím.
+++ user:zeman:interset:features [2011/12/11 17:51]
zeman Reduplicatives and echo words.
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 ===== subpos =====
-Detailed part of speech.
+Detailed part of speech. Subject to change - more value groups will probably be made separate features, e.g. ''verbtype''.
 | **Value** | **Main pos** | **Description** |
@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 | verbconj | verb | finite verb with the enclitic "-ť" (Czech "neboť" = "because") |
 | mod | adv, part | modal particle (Bulgarian "май" = "possibly", "нека" = "let"; Czech "ať", "kéž", "nechť") or adverb of modal nature (Bulgarian "апропо"); note that verbs have their own ''mod'' subpos |
+| adadj | adv | ad-adjective: special form in Finnish, derived from adjectives, used only to modify other adjectives (http://archives.conlang.info/pei/juenchen/phaelbhaduen.html) |
 | ex | adv | existential "there" in English |
 | voc | prep | vocalized preposition (Czech "ve" as opposed to base form "v") |
@@ Line 61: / Line 62: @@
 | neg | Negative pronoun ("nobody, nothing, none"). This is not the same as the negativeness feature. Unlike e.g. negative and positive adjectives or verbs, negative pronouns are not complements of some "positive" pronouns. Instead, they usually correspond to zero, nothing. |
 | ind | Indefinite pronoun ("somebody", "something", "anybody", "anything"). Being an indefinite pronoun is not the same as being morphologically indefinite (definiteness=ind). For instance, in Bulgarian there are morphologically definite lexically indefinite pronouns ("едната", "едното", "едните", "нещата"). In some languages, we could subclassify the indefinite pronouns into "few" ("málokdo"), "ind" ("někdo"), "mny" ("leckdo"), "any" ("kdokoli" - anybody you pick but you pick only one, not all at once; this is the difference from the totality pronouns) |
-| tot | Totality pronoun ("everybody", "everything") |
+| tot | Totality (universal) pronoun ("everybody", "everything") |
 ===== numtype =====
@@ Line 91: / Line 92: @@
 | 2 | numeric value 2 (Czech "druhý", "dvojí", "dvojnásob", "dva", "nadvakrát", "oba", "obojí") |
 | 3 | numeric value 3 or 4 (Czech "čtvrtý", "čtyři", "potřetí", "tři", "třetí", "třikrát") |
 ===== accommodability =====
@@ Line 170: / Line 170: @@
 ===== negativeness =====
-Distinguishes also negative pronouns like "nothing."
 | **Value** | **Description** |
@@ Line 180: / Line 178: @@
 See also the ''prontype'' feature.
+In Arabic, definiteness is also called the //state.//
+http://www.grammaticalfeatures.net/features/definiteness.html
+http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_constructus
+http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/padt/PADT_1.0/docs/papers/2004-nemlar-padt.pdf
 | **Value** | **Description** |
 | ind | indefinite |
 | def | definite |
-| red | reduced: used in [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_constructus|construct state]] in Arabic. If two nouns are in genitive relation, the first one has "reduced definiteness," the second is the genitive. |
+| red | reduced: used in [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_constructus|construct state]] in Arabic. If two nouns are in genitive relation, the first one (the "nomen regens") has "reduced definiteness," the second is the genitive and can be either definite or indefinite. Reduced form has neither the definite morpheme (article), nor the indefinite morpheme (nunation). For instance: indefinite state: حلوَةٌ //ḥulwatun// “a sweet”; definite state: الحلوَةُ //al-ḥulwatu// “the sweet”; حلوَةُ //ḥulwatu// “sweet of”. |
+| com | complex: used in [[http://books.google.cz/books?id=rs3hzfgj3hoC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&dq=arabic+improper+annexation&source=bl&ots=d6gGCpprOX&sig=3G6YkRZsIy_EL0OCEh7_V7qqnlE&hl=cs&ei=ZasDTuLhGc_vsgaLlcyeDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=arabic%20improper%20annexation&f=false|improper annexation]] in Arabic. The genitive construction described above normally consists of two nouns (first reduced, second genitive). That is called proper annexation or iḍāfa. If the first member is an adjective or adjectivally used participle and the second member is a definite noun, the construction is called improper annexation or false iḍāfa. The result is a compound adjective that is usually used as an attributive adjunct and thus must agree in definiteness with the noun it modifies. Its first part (the adjective or participle) may get again the definite article. Although it may look the same as the form for the definite state, it is assigned a special value of //complex// state to reflect the different origin. See also [[http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/padt/PADT_1.0/docs/papers/2004-nemlar-padt.pdf|Hajič et al.]] page 3. For instance: مُخْتَلِفٌ //muxtalifun// “different/various” (active participle, Form VIII); نَوْعٌ ج أنْوَاعٌ //nawˀun ja anwāˀun// “kind”; مُخْتَلِفُ الأنْوَاعِ //muxtalifu al-anwāˀi// “of various kinds” (false iḍāfa); مَشَاكِلُ مُخْتَلِفَةُ الأنْوَاعِ //mašākilu muxtalifatu al-anwāˀi// “problems of various kinds”; اَلْمَشَاكِلُ الْمُخْتَلِفَةُ الأنْوَاعِ //al-mašākilu al-muxtalifatu al-anwāˀi// “the problems of various kinds”. |
 ===== foreign =====
@@ Line 229: / Line 232: @@
 | dual | dual |
 | plu | plural |
+| ptan | plurale tantum |
+| coll | collective / mass / singulare tantum |
+//Pluralia tantum// is a special case of plural, occurring e.g. in Czech. It applies to words that do not have singular forms. They use grammatical plural regardless of semantic number. Czech example: //nůžky// "scissors": //Papír rozstříhejte nůžkami.// "Use scissors to cut the paper to pieces." (semantic singular) vs. //Koupil jsem si dvoje nůžky.// "I bought two pairs of scissors." (semantic plural)
+//Collective// or //mass// or //singularia tantum// is a special case of singular. It applies to words that use grammatical singular to describe sets of objects, i.e. semantic plural. Although in theory they might be able to form plural, in practice it would be rarely semantically plausible. Sometimes, the plural form exists and means "several sorts of". Czech example: //lidstvo// "mankind".
 ===== possnumber =====
@@ Line 238: / Line 247: @@
 | dual | dual |
 | plu | plural |
 ===== case =====
-| **Value** | **Description** |
+| **Value** | **Description** | **Examples** |
-| nom | nominative |
+| nom | nominative | cs: dům, budova = a house, building |
-| gen | genitive |
+| gen | genitive | cs: domu, budovy = of a house; in Basque, this is possessive genitive (as opposed to locative genitive): diktadorearen erregimena = dictator's regime (diktadore = dictator) |
-| dat | dative |
+| dat | dative | cs: domu, budově = to a house |
-| acc | accusative or oblique |
+| acc | accusative or oblique | cs: dům, budovu = a house |
-| voc | vocative |
+| voc | vocative | cs: dome, budovo = hey, you house! |
-| loc | locative |
+| loc | locative | cs: v&nbsp;domě, budově = in a house; used also for locative genitive (as opposed to possessive genitive) in Basque: talde anarkistako = group of anarchists |
-| ins | instrumental |
+| ins | instrumental | cs: domem, budovou = with/through/using/by a house |
+| ist | instructive | Used rarely in Finnish to express "with (the aid of)", i.e. semantically similar to instrumental (which is not defined in Finnish grammar). Shall we merge instructive with instrumental? |
+| abl | ablative | hu: a barátomtól jövök = jdu od kamaráda fi: pöydältä = se stolu; katolta = se střechy; rannalta = z pláže |
+| par | partitive | Ve finštině vyjadřuje neznámou identitu a neukončené akce bez výsledku. Příklady užití: kolme taloa = tři domy (koncovka -a u talo); rakastan tätä taloa = mám rád tento dům; saanko lainata kirjaa? = můžu si půjčit tu knihu? (koncovka -a u kirja); lasissa on maitoa = ve sklenici je (nějaké) mléko; akuzativ: ammuin karhun = zastřelil jsem medvěda (a vím, že je mrtvý); partitiv: ammuin karhua = střelil jsem po medvědovi (a nevím ani, jestli jsem ho trefil); Akuzativ (v opozici k partitivu) taky může suplovat chybějící budoucí čas: akuzativ: luen kirjan = přečtu si tu knihu; partitiv: luen kirjaa = čtu knihu |
+| ess | essive / prolative | Určuje dočasný stav, často odpovídá anglickému "as a ...". fi: lapsi = dítě, lapsena = jako dítě, když byl dítě ee: laps = dítě, lapse = dítěte (genitiv), lapsena = jako dítě. Similar case called prolative in Basque grammar: eu: erreformistatzat = as a reformer (erreformista = reformer) |
+| tra | translative | Určuje změnu stavu ("stává se X", "mění se na X"). Také význam "v (jazyce)". Finština. pitkä = dlouhý, venyi pitkäksi = prodloužil se englanti = angličtina, englanniksi = v angličtině kello kuusi = šest hodin, kello kuudeksi = do šesti hodin ee: kell kuus = šest hodin, kella kuueks = do šesti hodin |
+| com | comitative / associative | Vyjadřuje "společně s". ee: koeraga = se psem (koer = pes) |
+| abe | abessive | Vyjadřuje "bez". fi: rahatta = bez peněz (raha = peníze) |
+| ine | inessive | hu: házban = v domě (ház = dům) fi: talossa = v domě (talo = dům) ee: majas = v domě (maja = dům) |
+| ela | elative | hu: házból = z domu fi: talosta = z domu ee: majast = z domu |
+| ill | illative | hu: házba = do domu fi: taloon = do domu ee: majasse / majja = do domu |
+| add | additive | Distinguished by some scholars in Estonian, not recognized by traditional grammar, exists in the Multext-East Estonian tagset and in the Eesti keele puudepank. Reportedly same or similar meaning as illative. Forms of this case exist only in singular and not for all nouns. |
+| ade | adessive | hu: asztalon = na stole (asztal = stůl) fi: pöydällä = na stole ee: laual = na stole (laud = stůl) |
+| all | allative | fi: pöydälle = na stůl (pöytä = stůl) |
+| lat | lative | Denotes movement towards/to/into/onto something. Similar case in Basque is called directional allative (Spanish //adlativo direccional//). However, lative is typically thought of as a union of allative, illative and sublative, while in Basque it is derived from allative, which also exists independently. eu: beherantz = down (behe = low) |
+| ter | terminative | Specifies where something ends in space or time. Similar case in Basque is called terminal allative (Spanish //adlativo terminal//). ee: jõeni = down to the river; ee: kella kuueni = till six o'clock; hu: a házig = up to the house; hu: hat óráig = till six o'clock; eu: erdiraino = up to the half (erdi = half) |
+| abs | absolutive | Subject of intransitive verb, direct object of transitive verb. |
+| erg | ergative | Subject of transitive verb. |
+| cau | causative / motivative | Noun in this case is the cause of something. hu: Hálás leszekérte. eu: jokaeragatik = because of behavior (jokaera = behavior) |
+| ben | benefactive / destinative | Corresponds to the preposition "for". eu: mutilarentzat = for boys (mutil = boy) |
+  * Fine grained locative cases (Uralic languages)
+| | **Where** | **Where to** | **Where from** |
+| **Inside of** | inessive | illative | elative |
+| **Surface of** | adessive | allative | ablative |
 ==== Other cases ====
 (Not yet used in any tag set driver.)
+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_grammatical_cases
-  * Fine grained locative cases (Finno-Ugric languages)
-| | **Where** | **Where to** | **Where from** |
-| **Inside of** | inessive | illative | elative |
-| **Surface of** | adessive | allative | ablative |
   * Alternative locative cases
@@ Line 269: / Line 294: @@
     * superessive (similar to adessive?)
-| ill | illative | hu: házba = do domu (ház = dům) ee: majasse / majja = do domu (maja = dům) fi: taloon = do domu (talo = dům) |
-| ine | inessive | hu: házban = v domě fi: talossa = v domě ee: majas = v domě |
-| ela | elative | hu: házból = z domu fi: talosta = z domu ee: majast = z domu |
-| all | allative | fi: pöydälle = na stůl (pöytä = stůl) |
-| ade | adessive | hu: asztalon = na stole (asztal = stůl) fi: pöydällä = na stole ee: laual = na stole (laud = stůl) |
-| abl | ablative | hu: a barátomtól jövök = jdu od kamaráda fi: pöydältä = se stolu; katolta = se střechy; rannalta = z pláže |
 | | sublative | Směr "na něco", "pod něco" (v různých jazycích různý význam). hu: hajóra = na loď (hajó = loď), bokorra = na keř |
 | | delative | Směr "z, od", ale používá se i v jiných významech (např. "o něčem"). hu: Budapestről vagyok = jsem, přicházím z Budapešti |
 | | superessive | Určuje místo "na". hu: könyveken = na knihách (könyvek = knihy) |
-| par | partitive | Ve finštině vyjadřuje neznámou identitu a neukončené akce bez výsledku. Příklady užití: kolme taloa = tři domy (koncovka -a u talo); rakastan tätä taloa = mám rád tento dům; saanko lainata kirjaa? = můžu si půjčit tu knihu? (koncovka -a u kirja); lasissa on maitoa = ve sklenici je (nějaké) mléko; akuzativ: ammuin karhun = zastřelil jsem medvěda (a vím, že je mrtvý); partitiv: ammuin karhua = střelil jsem po medvědovi (a nevím ani, jestli jsem ho trefil); Akuzativ (v opozici k partitivu) taky může suplovat chybějící budoucí čas: akuzativ: luen kirjan = přečtu si tu knihu; partitiv: luen kirjaa = čtu knihu |
 | tmp | temporal | Určuje čas. hu: hétkor = v sedm, éjfélkor = o půlnoci, karácsonykor = o Vánocích |
-| ter | terminative | Určuje, kde něco končí v prostoru nebo čase. hu: a házig = až k tomu domu hu: hat óráig = do šesti hodin ee: jõeni = až k řece ee: kella kuueni = až do šesti hodin |
-| tra | translative | Určuje změnu stavu ("stává se X", "mění se na X"). Také význam "v (jazyce)". Finština. pitkä = dlouhý, venyi pitkäksi = prodloužil se englanti = angličtina, englanniksi = v angličtině kello kuusi = šest hodin, kello kuudeksi = do šesti hodin ee: kell kuus = šest hodin, kella kuueks = do šesti hodin |
-| ess | essive | Určuje dočasný stav, často odpovídá anglickému "as a ...". fi: lapsi = dítě, lapsena = jako dítě, když byl dítě ee: laps = dítě, lapse = dítěte (genitiv), lapsena = jako dítě |
-| abe | abessive | Vyjadřuje "bez". fi: rahatta = bez peněz (raha = peníze) |
-| com | comitative | Vyjadřuje "společně s". ee: koeraga = se psem (koer = pes) |
 | | sociative | Podobný význam jako kauzativ. V&nbsp;maďarštině zastaralý, místo něj se používá instrumentál-komitativ. |
-| cau | causative | Vyjadřuje, že podstatné jméno je něčeho příčinou ("kvůli"). hu: Hálás leszekérte. |
 | dis | distributive | Vyjadřuje, že se něco stalo každému prvku množiny, jednomu po druhém. Nebo vyjadřuje frekvenci v čase. hu: fejenként = na hlavu, esetenként = v některém případě, hetenként = jednou týdně, tízpercenként = každých deset minut |
@@ Line 343: / Line 355: @@
 | trans | transgressive, adverbial participle (modifies other verbs, behaves like adverb; Czech present "dělaje", past "udělav") |
 | ger | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund|gerund]] ([[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_noun|verbal noun]]) |
 ===== mood =====
@@ Line 351: / Line 362: @@
 | imp | imperative |
 | cnd | conditional |
+| pot | potential (Finnish: the action of the verb is likely but not certain) |
 | sub | subjunctive (conjunctive) (spojovací) |
 | jus | jussive (přací) |
+| qot | quotative (Estonian: denotes direct speech) |
 ===== tense =====
@@ Line 360: / Line 373: @@
 | pres | present |
 | fut | future |
 ===== subtense =====
@@ Line 374: / Line 386: @@
 ===== aspect =====
+See [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_aspect|Wikipedia]] for a list of possible aspects.
 | **Value** | **Description** |
 | imp | imperfect |
 | perf | perfect |
+| pro | prospective |
 ===== voice =====
@@ Line 399: / Line 414: @@
 | hyph | hyphenated prefix ("anglo-" in "anglo-saxon") |
+===== echo =====
+Is this a reduplicative or echo word? Such words occur in Hindi. In Hyderabad Dependency Treebank they get their own part-of-speech tags RDP and ECH, respectively. We do not want to treat them as separate parts of speech because they could be assign a POS independent of their RDP or ECH status (same as the word that they echo). We may want to merge this feature in future with ''hyph'' into a new feature called ''compound''.
+| **Value** | **Meaning** | **Explanation** | **Examples** |
+| rdp | reduplicative | The word is a copy of a previous word. In Hindi, this would add the meaning of distribution ("one rupee each"), separation ("sit separately"), variety, diversity or just emphasis. | hi: "कभी - कभी" = "kabhī - kabhī" = "sometimes", "कभी" = "kabhī"; "एक एक" = "eka eka" = "one each", "एक" = "eka" = "one" |
+| ech | echo | The word rhymes with a previous word but it is not identical to it and typically id does not have any meaning of its own. In Hindi it generalizes the meaning of the previous word and eventually translates as "or something", "etc." etc. | hi: "चाय वाय" = "čāya vāya" = "tea or something" (as in "Have some tea or something." |
+For more details see Rupert Snell and Simon Weightman: //Teach Yourself Hindi,// Section 16.4 and 16.5, pages 210 – 211.
 ===== style =====
@@ Line 408: / Line 431: @@
 | norm | normal, neutral |
 | coll | colloquial |
+| vrnc | vernacular |
+| slng | slang |
+| derg | derogative |
+| vulg | vulgar |
 ===== typo =====

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