Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

--- user:zeman:interset:features [2011/06/24 13:20]
zeman Complex state (definiteness) in Arabic.
+++ user:zeman:interset:features [2011/11/29 21:51]
zeman New cases needed for Basque: absolutive, ergative, causative and benefactive.
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 | int | interjection |
 | punc | punctuation or symbol |
 ===== subpos =====
@@ Line 33: / Line 32: @@
 | verbconj | verb | finite verb with the enclitic "-ť" (Czech "neboť" = "because") |
 | mod | adv, part | modal particle (Bulgarian "май" = "possibly", "нека" = "let"; Czech "ať", "kéž", "nechť") or adverb of modal nature (Bulgarian "апропо"); note that verbs have their own ''mod'' subpos |
+| adadj | adv | ad-adjective: special form in Finnish, derived from adjectives, used only to modify other adjectives (http://archives.conlang.info/pei/juenchen/phaelbhaduen.html) |
 | ex | adv | existential "there" in English |
 | voc | prep | vocalized preposition (Czech "ve" as opposed to base form "v") |
@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 | neg | Negative pronoun ("nobody, nothing, none"). This is not the same as the negativeness feature. Unlike e.g. negative and positive adjectives or verbs, negative pronouns are not complements of some "positive" pronouns. Instead, they usually correspond to zero, nothing. |
 | ind | Indefinite pronoun ("somebody", "something", "anybody", "anything"). Being an indefinite pronoun is not the same as being morphologically indefinite (definiteness=ind). For instance, in Bulgarian there are morphologically definite lexically indefinite pronouns ("едната", "едното", "едните", "нещата"). In some languages, we could subclassify the indefinite pronouns into "few" ("málokdo"), "ind" ("někdo"), "mny" ("leckdo"), "any" ("kdokoli" - anybody you pick but you pick only one, not all at once; this is the difference from the totality pronouns) |
-| tot | Totality pronoun ("everybody", "everything") |
+| tot | Totality (universal) pronoun ("everybody", "everything") |
 ===== numtype =====
@@ Line 168: / Line 168: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
 | reflex | reflexive |
 ===== negativeness =====
@@ Line 187: / Line 186: @@
 | ind | indefinite |
 | def | definite |
-| red | reduced: used in [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_constructus|construct state]] in Arabic. If two nouns are in genitive relation, the first one (the "nomen regens") has "reduced definiteness," the second is the genitive and can be either definite or indefinite. Reduced form has neither the definite morpheme (article), nor the indefinite morpheme (nunation). For instance: indefinite state: حلوَةٌ //ḥulwatun// “a sweet”; definite state: الحلوَةُ //al-ḥulwatu// “the sweet”; حلوَةُ //ḥulwatu// “sweet of” |
+| red | reduced: used in [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_constructus|construct state]] in Arabic. If two nouns are in genitive relation, the first one (the "nomen regens") has "reduced definiteness," the second is the genitive and can be either definite or indefinite. Reduced form has neither the definite morpheme (article), nor the indefinite morpheme (nunation). For instance: indefinite state: حلوَةٌ //ḥulwatun// “a sweet”; definite state: الحلوَةُ //al-ḥulwatu// “the sweet”; حلوَةُ //ḥulwatu// “sweet of”. |
-| com | complex: used in [[http://books.google.cz/books?id=rs3hzfgj3hoC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&dq=arabic+improper+annexation&source=bl&ots=d6gGCpprOX&sig=3G6YkRZsIy_EL0OCEh7_V7qqnlE&hl=cs&ei=ZasDTuLhGc_vsgaLlcyeDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=arabic%20improper%20annexation&f=false|improper annexation]] in Arabic. The genitive construction described above normally consists of two nouns (first reduced, second genitive). That is called proper annexation or iḍāfa. If the first member is an adjective or adjectivally used participle and the second member is a definite noun, the construction is called improper annexation or false iḍāfa. The result is a compound adjective that is usually used as an attributive adjunct and thus must agree in definiteness with the noun it modifies. Its first part (the adjective or participle) may get again the definite article. Although it may look the same as the form for the definite state, it is assigned a special value of //complex// state to reflect the different origin. See also [[http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/padt/PADT_1.0/docs/papers/2004-nemlar-padt.pdf|Hajič et al.]] page 3. |
+| com | complex: used in [[http://books.google.cz/books?id=rs3hzfgj3hoC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&dq=arabic+improper+annexation&source=bl&ots=d6gGCpprOX&sig=3G6YkRZsIy_EL0OCEh7_V7qqnlE&hl=cs&ei=ZasDTuLhGc_vsgaLlcyeDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=arabic%20improper%20annexation&f=false|improper annexation]] in Arabic. The genitive construction described above normally consists of two nouns (first reduced, second genitive). That is called proper annexation or iḍāfa. If the first member is an adjective or adjectivally used participle and the second member is a definite noun, the construction is called improper annexation or false iḍāfa. The result is a compound adjective that is usually used as an attributive adjunct and thus must agree in definiteness with the noun it modifies. Its first part (the adjective or participle) may get again the definite article. Although it may look the same as the form for the definite state, it is assigned a special value of //complex// state to reflect the different origin. See also [[http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/padt/PADT_1.0/docs/papers/2004-nemlar-padt.pdf|Hajič et al.]] page 3. For instance: مُخْتَلِفٌ //muxtalifun// “different/various” (active participle, Form VIII); نَوْعٌ ج أنْوَاعٌ //nawˀun ja anwāˀun// “kind”; مُخْتَلِفُ الأنْوَاعِ //muxtalifu al-anwāˀi// “of various kinds” (false iḍāfa); مَشَاكِلُ مُخْتَلِفَةُ الأنْوَاعِ //mašākilu muxtalifatu al-anwāˀi// “problems of various kinds”; اَلْمَشَاكِلُ الْمُخْتَلِفَةُ الأنْوَاعِ //al-mašākilu al-muxtalifatu al-anwāˀi// “the problems of various kinds”. |
 ===== foreign =====
@@ Line 248: / Line 247: @@
 | dual | dual |
 | plu | plural |
 ===== case =====
-| **Value** | **Description** |
+| **Value** | **Description** | **Examples** |
-| nom | nominative |
+| nom | nominative | cs: dům, budova = a house, building |
-| gen | genitive |
+| gen | genitive | cs: domu, budovy = of a house; in Basque, this is possessive genitive (as opposed to locative genitive): diktadorearen erregimena = dictator's regime (diktadore = dictator) |
-| dat | dative |
+| dat | dative | cs: domu, budově = to a house |
-| acc | accusative or oblique |
+| acc | accusative or oblique | cs: dům, budovu = a house |
-| voc | vocative |
+| voc | vocative | cs: dome, budovo = hey, you house! |
-| loc | locative |
+| loc | locative | cs: v&nbsp;domě, budově = in a house; used also for locative genitive (as opposed to possessive genitive) in Basque: talde anarkistako = group of anarchists |
-| ins | instrumental |
+| ins | instrumental | cs: domem, budovou = with/through/using/by a house |
+| ist | instructive | Used rarely in Finnish to express "with (the aid of)", i.e. semantically similar to instrumental (which is not defined in Finnish grammar). Shall we merge instructive with instrumental? |
+| abl | ablative | hu: a barátomtól jövök = jdu od kamaráda fi: pöydältä = se stolu; katolta = se střechy; rannalta = z pláže |
+| par | partitive | Ve finštině vyjadřuje neznámou identitu a neukončené akce bez výsledku. Příklady užití: kolme taloa = tři domy (koncovka -a u talo); rakastan tätä taloa = mám rád tento dům; saanko lainata kirjaa? = můžu si půjčit tu knihu? (koncovka -a u kirja); lasissa on maitoa = ve sklenici je (nějaké) mléko; akuzativ: ammuin karhun = zastřelil jsem medvěda (a vím, že je mrtvý); partitiv: ammuin karhua = střelil jsem po medvědovi (a nevím ani, jestli jsem ho trefil); Akuzativ (v opozici k partitivu) taky může suplovat chybějící budoucí čas: akuzativ: luen kirjan = přečtu si tu knihu; partitiv: luen kirjaa = čtu knihu |
+| ess | essive / prolative | Určuje dočasný stav, často odpovídá anglickému "as a ...". fi: lapsi = dítě, lapsena = jako dítě, když byl dítě ee: laps = dítě, lapse = dítěte (genitiv), lapsena = jako dítě. Similar case called prolative in Basque grammar: eu: erreformistatzat = as a reformer (erreformista = reformer) |
+| tra | translative | Určuje změnu stavu ("stává se X", "mění se na X"). Také význam "v (jazyce)". Finština. pitkä = dlouhý, venyi pitkäksi = prodloužil se englanti = angličtina, englanniksi = v angličtině kello kuusi = šest hodin, kello kuudeksi = do šesti hodin ee: kell kuus = šest hodin, kella kuueks = do šesti hodin |
+| com | comitative / associative | Vyjadřuje "společně s". ee: koeraga = se psem (koer = pes) |
+| abe | abessive | Vyjadřuje "bez". fi: rahatta = bez peněz (raha = peníze) |
+| ine | inessive | hu: házban = v domě (ház = dům) fi: talossa = v domě (talo = dům) ee: majas = v domě (maja = dům) |
+| ela | elative | hu: házból = z domu fi: talosta = z domu ee: majast = z domu |
+| ill | illative | hu: házba = do domu fi: taloon = do domu ee: majasse / majja = do domu |
+| add | additive | Distinguished by some scholars in Estonian, not recognized by traditional grammar, exists in the Multext-East Estonian tagset and in the Eesti keele puudepank. Reportedly same or similar meaning as illative. Forms of this case exist only in singular and not for all nouns. |
+| ade | adessive | hu: asztalon = na stole (asztal = stůl) fi: pöydällä = na stole ee: laual = na stole (laud = stůl) |
+| all | allative | fi: pöydälle = na stůl (pöytä = stůl) |
+| lat | lative | Denotes movement towards/to/into/onto something. Similar case in Basque is called directional allative (Spanish //adlativo direccional//). However, lative is typically thought of as a union of allative, illative and sublative, while in Basque it is derived from allative, which also exists independently. eu: beherantz = down (behe = low) |
+| ter | terminative | Specifies where something ends in space or time. Similar case in Basque is called terminal allative (Spanish //adlativo terminal//). ee: jõeni = down to the river; ee: kella kuueni = till six o'clock; hu: a házig = up to the house; hu: hat óráig = till six o'clock; eu: erdiraino = up to the half (erdi = half) |
+| abs | absolutive | Subject of intransitive verb, direct object of transitive verb. |
+| erg | ergative | Subject of transitive verb. |
+| cau | causative / motivative | Noun in this case is the cause of something. hu: Hálás leszekérte. eu: jokaeragatik = because of behavior (jokaera = behavior) |
+| ben | benefactive / destinative | Corresponds to the preposition "for". eu: mutilarentzat = for boys (mutil = boy) |
+  * Fine grained locative cases (Uralic languages)
+| | **Where** | **Where to** | **Where from** |
+| **Inside of** | inessive | illative | elative |
+| **Surface of** | adessive | allative | ablative |
 ==== Other cases ====
 (Not yet used in any tag set driver.)
+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_grammatical_cases
-  * Fine grained locative cases (Finno-Ugric languages)
-| | **Where** | **Where to** | **Where from** |
-| **Inside of** | inessive | illative | elative |
-| **Surface of** | adessive | allative | ablative |
   * Alternative locative cases
@@ Line 279: / Line 294: @@
     * superessive (similar to adessive?)
-| ill | illative | hu: házba = do domu (ház = dům) ee: majasse / majja = do domu (maja = dům) fi: taloon = do domu (talo = dům) |
-| ine | inessive | hu: házban = v domě fi: talossa = v domě ee: majas = v domě |
-| ela | elative | hu: házból = z domu fi: talosta = z domu ee: majast = z domu |
-| all | allative | fi: pöydälle = na stůl (pöytä = stůl) |
-| ade | adessive | hu: asztalon = na stole (asztal = stůl) fi: pöydällä = na stole ee: laual = na stole (laud = stůl) |
-| abl | ablative | hu: a barátomtól jövök = jdu od kamaráda fi: pöydältä = se stolu; katolta = se střechy; rannalta = z pláže |
 | | sublative | Směr "na něco", "pod něco" (v různých jazycích různý význam). hu: hajóra = na loď (hajó = loď), bokorra = na keř |
 | | delative | Směr "z, od", ale používá se i v jiných významech (např. "o něčem"). hu: Budapestről vagyok = jsem, přicházím z Budapešti |
 | | superessive | Určuje místo "na". hu: könyveken = na knihách (könyvek = knihy) |
-| par | partitive | Ve finštině vyjadřuje neznámou identitu a neukončené akce bez výsledku. Příklady užití: kolme taloa = tři domy (koncovka -a u talo); rakastan tätä taloa = mám rád tento dům; saanko lainata kirjaa? = můžu si půjčit tu knihu? (koncovka -a u kirja); lasissa on maitoa = ve sklenici je (nějaké) mléko; akuzativ: ammuin karhun = zastřelil jsem medvěda (a vím, že je mrtvý); partitiv: ammuin karhua = střelil jsem po medvědovi (a nevím ani, jestli jsem ho trefil); Akuzativ (v opozici k partitivu) taky může suplovat chybějící budoucí čas: akuzativ: luen kirjan = přečtu si tu knihu; partitiv: luen kirjaa = čtu knihu |
 | tmp | temporal | Určuje čas. hu: hétkor = v sedm, éjfélkor = o půlnoci, karácsonykor = o Vánocích |
-| ter | terminative | Určuje, kde něco končí v prostoru nebo čase. hu: a házig = až k tomu domu hu: hat óráig = do šesti hodin ee: jõeni = až k řece ee: kella kuueni = až do šesti hodin |
-| tra | translative | Určuje změnu stavu ("stává se X", "mění se na X"). Také význam "v (jazyce)". Finština. pitkä = dlouhý, venyi pitkäksi = prodloužil se englanti = angličtina, englanniksi = v angličtině kello kuusi = šest hodin, kello kuudeksi = do šesti hodin ee: kell kuus = šest hodin, kella kuueks = do šesti hodin |
-| ess | essive | Určuje dočasný stav, často odpovídá anglickému "as a ...". fi: lapsi = dítě, lapsena = jako dítě, když byl dítě ee: laps = dítě, lapse = dítěte (genitiv), lapsena = jako dítě |
-| abe | abessive | Vyjadřuje "bez". fi: rahatta = bez peněz (raha = peníze) |
-| com | comitative | Vyjadřuje "společně s". ee: koeraga = se psem (koer = pes) |
 | | sociative | Podobný význam jako kauzativ. V&nbsp;maďarštině zastaralý, místo něj se používá instrumentál-komitativ. |
-| cau | causative | Vyjadřuje, že podstatné jméno je něčeho příčinou ("kvůli"). hu: Hálás leszekérte. |
 | dis | distributive | Vyjadřuje, že se něco stalo každému prvku množiny, jednomu po druhém. Nebo vyjadřuje frekvenci v čase. hu: fejenként = na hlavu, esetenként = v některém případě, hetenként = jednou týdně, tízpercenként = každých deset minut |
@@ Line 353: / Line 355: @@
 | trans | transgressive, adverbial participle (modifies other verbs, behaves like adverb; Czech present "dělaje", past "udělav") |
 | ger | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund|gerund]] ([[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_noun|verbal noun]]) |
 ===== mood =====
@@ Line 361: / Line 362: @@
 | imp | imperative |
 | cnd | conditional |
+| pot | potential (Finnish: the action of the verb is likely but not certain) |
 | sub | subjunctive (conjunctive) (spojovací) |
 | jus | jussive (přací) |
+| qot | quotative (Estonian: denotes direct speech) |
 ===== tense =====
@@ Line 370: / Line 373: @@
 | pres | present |
 | fut | future |
 ===== subtense =====
@@ Line 408: / Line 410: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
 | hyph | hyphenated prefix ("anglo-" in "anglo-saxon") |
 ===== style =====
@@ Line 419: / Line 418: @@
 | norm | normal, neutral |
 | coll | colloquial |
+| vrnc | vernacular |
+| slng | slang |
+| derg | derogative |
 | vulg | vulgar |

[ Back to the navigation ] [ Back to the content ]

Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics Wiki

Differences