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--- user:zeman:interset:features [2011/11/26 22:51]
zeman Quotative mood.
+++ user:zeman:interset:features [2011/12/11 17:51]
zeman Reduplicatives and echo words.
@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 | neg | Negative pronoun ("nobody, nothing, none"). This is not the same as the negativeness feature. Unlike e.g. negative and positive adjectives or verbs, negative pronouns are not complements of some "positive" pronouns. Instead, they usually correspond to zero, nothing. |
 | ind | Indefinite pronoun ("somebody", "something", "anybody", "anything"). Being an indefinite pronoun is not the same as being morphologically indefinite (definiteness=ind). For instance, in Bulgarian there are morphologically definite lexically indefinite pronouns ("едната", "едното", "едните", "нещата"). In some languages, we could subclassify the indefinite pronouns into "few" ("málokdo"), "ind" ("někdo"), "mny" ("leckdo"), "any" ("kdokoli" - anybody you pick but you pick only one, not all at once; this is the difference from the totality pronouns) |
-| tot | Totality pronoun ("everybody", "everything") |
+| tot | Totality (universal) pronoun ("everybody", "everything") |
 ===== numtype =====
@@ Line 252: / Line 252: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** | **Examples** |
 | nom | nominative | cs: dům, budova = a house, building |
-| gen | genitive | cs: domu, budovy = of a house |
+| gen | genitive | cs: domu, budovy = of a house; in Basque, this is possessive genitive (as opposed to locative genitive): diktadorearen erregimena = dictator's regime (diktadore = dictator) |
 | dat | dative | cs: domu, budově = to a house |
 | acc | accusative or oblique | cs: dům, budovu = a house |
 | voc | vocative | cs: dome, budovo = hey, you house! |
-| loc | locative | cs: v&nbsp;domě, budově = in a house |
+| loc | locative | cs: v&nbsp;domě, budově = in a house; used also for locative genitive (as opposed to possessive genitive) in Basque: talde anarkistako = group of anarchists |
 | ins | instrumental | cs: domem, budovou = with/through/using/by a house |
 | ist | instructive | Used rarely in Finnish to express "with (the aid of)", i.e. semantically similar to instrumental (which is not defined in Finnish grammar). Shall we merge instructive with instrumental? |
 | abl | ablative | hu: a barátomtól jövök = jdu od kamaráda fi: pöydältä = se stolu; katolta = se střechy; rannalta = z pláže |
 | par | partitive | Ve finštině vyjadřuje neznámou identitu a neukončené akce bez výsledku. Příklady užití: kolme taloa = tři domy (koncovka -a u talo); rakastan tätä taloa = mám rád tento dům; saanko lainata kirjaa? = můžu si půjčit tu knihu? (koncovka -a u kirja); lasissa on maitoa = ve sklenici je (nějaké) mléko; akuzativ: ammuin karhun = zastřelil jsem medvěda (a vím, že je mrtvý); partitiv: ammuin karhua = střelil jsem po medvědovi (a nevím ani, jestli jsem ho trefil); Akuzativ (v opozici k partitivu) taky může suplovat chybějící budoucí čas: akuzativ: luen kirjan = přečtu si tu knihu; partitiv: luen kirjaa = čtu knihu |
-| ess | essive | Určuje dočasný stav, často odpovídá anglickému "as a ...". fi: lapsi = dítě, lapsena = jako dítě, když byl dítě ee: laps = dítě, lapse = dítěte (genitiv), lapsena = jako dítě |
+| ess | essive / prolative | Určuje dočasný stav, často odpovídá anglickému "as a ...". fi: lapsi = dítě, lapsena = jako dítě, když byl dítě ee: laps = dítě, lapse = dítěte (genitiv), lapsena = jako dítě. Similar case called prolative in Basque grammar: eu: erreformistatzat = as a reformer (erreformista = reformer) |
 | tra | translative | Určuje změnu stavu ("stává se X", "mění se na X"). Také význam "v (jazyce)". Finština. pitkä = dlouhý, venyi pitkäksi = prodloužil se englanti = angličtina, englanniksi = v angličtině kello kuusi = šest hodin, kello kuudeksi = do šesti hodin ee: kell kuus = šest hodin, kella kuueks = do šesti hodin |
-| com | comitative | Vyjadřuje "společně s". ee: koeraga = se psem (koer = pes) |
+| com | comitative / associative | Vyjadřuje "společně s". ee: koeraga = se psem (koer = pes) |
 | abe | abessive | Vyjadřuje "bez". fi: rahatta = bez peněz (raha = peníze) |
 | ine | inessive | hu: házban = v domě (ház = dům) fi: talossa = v domě (talo = dům) ee: majas = v domě (maja = dům) |
@@ Line 271: / Line 271: @@
 | ade | adessive | hu: asztalon = na stole (asztal = stůl) fi: pöydällä = na stole ee: laual = na stole (laud = stůl) |
 | all | allative | fi: pöydälle = na stůl (pöytä = stůl) |
-| ter | terminative | Specifies where something ends in space or time. ee: jõeni = down to the river; ee: kella kuueni = till six o'clock; hu: a házig = up to the house; hu: hat óráig = till six o'clock |
+| lat | lative | Denotes movement towards/to/into/onto something. Similar case in Basque is called directional allative (Spanish //adlativo direccional//). However, lative is typically thought of as a union of allative, illative and sublative, while in Basque it is derived from allative, which also exists independently. eu: beherantz = down (behe = low) |
+| ter | terminative | Specifies where something ends in space or time. Similar case in Basque is called terminal allative (Spanish //adlativo terminal//). ee: jõeni = down to the river; ee: kella kuueni = till six o'clock; hu: a házig = up to the house; hu: hat óráig = till six o'clock; eu: erdiraino = up to the half (erdi = half) |
+| abs | absolutive | Subject of intransitive verb, direct object of transitive verb. |
+| erg | ergative | Subject of transitive verb. |
+| cau | causative / motivative | Noun in this case is the cause of something. hu: Hálás leszekérte. eu: jokaeragatik = because of behavior (jokaera = behavior) |
+| ben | benefactive / destinative | Corresponds to the preposition "for". eu: mutilarentzat = for boys (mutil = boy) |
   * Fine grained locative cases (Uralic languages)
@@ Line 282: / Line 287: @@
 (Not yet used in any tag set driver.)
+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_grammatical_cases
   * Alternative locative cases
@@ Line 293: / Line 299: @@
 | tmp | temporal | Určuje čas. hu: hétkor = v sedm, éjfélkor = o půlnoci, karácsonykor = o Vánocích |
 | | sociative | Podobný význam jako kauzativ. V&nbsp;maďarštině zastaralý, místo něj se používá instrumentál-komitativ. |
-| cau | causative | Vyjadřuje, že podstatné jméno je něčeho příčinou ("kvůli"). hu: Hálás leszekérte. |
 | dis | distributive | Vyjadřuje, že se něco stalo každému prvku množiny, jednomu po druhém. Nebo vyjadřuje frekvenci v čase. hu: fejenként = na hlavu, esetenként = v některém případě, hetenként = jednou týdně, tízpercenként = každých deset minut |
@@ Line 381: / Line 386: @@
 ===== aspect =====
+See [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_aspect|Wikipedia]] for a list of possible aspects.
 | **Value** | **Description** |
 | imp | imperfect |
 | perf | perfect |
+| pro | prospective |
 ===== voice =====
@@ Line 405: / Line 413: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
 | hyph | hyphenated prefix ("anglo-" in "anglo-saxon") |
+===== echo =====
+Is this a reduplicative or echo word? Such words occur in Hindi. In Hyderabad Dependency Treebank they get their own part-of-speech tags RDP and ECH, respectively. We do not want to treat them as separate parts of speech because they could be assign a POS independent of their RDP or ECH status (same as the word that they echo). We may want to merge this feature in future with ''hyph'' into a new feature called ''compound''.
+| **Value** | **Meaning** | **Explanation** | **Examples** |
+| rdp | reduplicative | The word is a copy of a previous word. In Hindi, this would add the meaning of distribution ("one rupee each"), separation ("sit separately"), variety, diversity or just emphasis. | hi: "कभी - कभी" = "kabhī - kabhī" = "sometimes", "कभी" = "kabhī"; "एक एक" = "eka eka" = "one each", "एक" = "eka" = "one" |
+| ech | echo | The word rhymes with a previous word but it is not identical to it and typically id does not have any meaning of its own. In Hindi it generalizes the meaning of the previous word and eventually translates as "or something", "etc." etc. | hi: "चाय वाय" = "čāya vāya" = "tea or something" (as in "Have some tea or something." |
+For more details see Rupert Snell and Simon Weightman: //Teach Yourself Hindi,// Section 16.4 and 16.5, pages 210 – 211.
 ===== style =====

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