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--- user:zeman:interset:features [2013/11/18 15:00]
zeman Cf. causative case of nouns.
+++ user:zeman:interset:features [2014/11/17 00:27]
zeman absperson, ergperson etc.
@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 ===== pos =====
-Part of speech. Pronouns, determiners, predeterminers and articles are roofed by nouns and adjectives, and distinguished by values of other features.
+Part of speech. Pronouns, determiners, predeterminers and articles are roofed by nouns and adjectives, and distinguished by values of other features. The ''num'' value is intended for cardinal numbers (''numtype = card''). Other types of numerals are roofed by syntactically defined parts of speech (adjectives or adverbs) and distinguished by values of ''numtype''.
 | **Value** | **Description** |
 | noun | noun |
 | adj | adjective |
-| num | numeral, number	|
+| num | numeral (cardinal number) |
 | verb | verb |
 | adv | adverb |
-| prep | preposition, postposition or circumposition (together also: adposition) |
+| adp | adposition (preposition, postposition or circumposition) |
 | conj | conjunction |
 | part | particle |
 | int | interjection |
-| punc | punctuation or symbol |
+| punc | punctuation |
+| sym | symbol |
-===== subpos =====
+The difference between punctuation and symbols is that punctuation delimits parts of the sentence while symbols can be substituted for a word. For example, //$// is not a punctuation, it is another form of writing the noun //dollar.// See also [[http://universaldependencies.github.io/docs/u/pos/SYM.html|the definition of SYM]] for the Universal Dependencies.
-Detailed part of speech. Subject to change - more value groups will probably be made separate features, e.g. ''verbtype''.
+===== nountype =====
-| **Value** | **Main pos** | **Description** |
+| **Value** | **Description** |
-| prop | noun | proper noun ("George", "Bush", "Paris") |
+| com | common noun ("man", "dog", "house", "idea") |
-| class | noun | classifier (measure word) between number and counted noun, e.g. Chinese "個 gè" |
+| prop | proper noun ("George", "Bush", "Paris") |
-| pdt | adj | predeterminer (adjectival word that can stand before an article, such as "all" in "all the flowers") |
+| class | classifier (measure word) between number and counted noun, e.g. Chinese "個 gè" |
-| det | adj | determiner (function word modifying a noun phrase: English "this", "that"); regarded indefinite/demonstrative pronoun in some tagsets; includes articles (see below) in some tagsets |
-| art | adj | article, i.e. determiner bearing only the feature of definiteness or indefinitess and nothing more (English "a", "an", "the", German "der", "die", "das", Portuguese "um", "uma", "o", "a", "os", "as") |
-| aux | verb, part | auxiliary verb used to construct complex verb forms (Czech "být", English "have", "will") |
-| cop | verb | copula verb (Czech "být") |
-| mod | verb | modal verb (German "dürfen", "können", "mögen", "müssen", "sollen", "wollen", "wissen"; Czech "muset", "mít", "moci", "smět", "umět", "chtít"; English "must", "can", "shall"); note that adverbs and particles have their own ''mod'' subpos |
-| verbconj | verb | finite verb with the enclitic "-ť" (Czech "neboť" = "because") |
-| mod | adv, part | modal particle (Bulgarian "май" = "possibly", "нека" = "let"; Czech "ať", "kéž", "nechť") or adverb of modal nature (Bulgarian "апропо"); note that verbs have their own ''mod'' subpos |
-| adadj | adv | ad-adjective: special form in Finnish, derived from adjectives, used only to modify other adjectives (http://archives.conlang.info/pei/juenchen/phaelbhaduen.html) |
-| ex | adv | existential "there" in English |
-| voc | prep | vocalized preposition (Czech "ve" as opposed to base form "v") |
-| post | prep | postposition (German "entlang" in "der Strasse entlang") |
-| circ | prep | circumposition (German "von ... an" in "von dieser Stelle an") |
-| preppron | prep | preposition and pronoun in one word (Czech "proň" = "pro něj", "nač" = "na co") |
-| comprep | prep | first part of compound preposition (Czech "nehledě na", "vzhledem k") |
-| coor | conj | coordinating conjunction |
-| sub | conj | subordinating conjunction |
-| comp | conj | comparing conjunction (German "wie", "als") |
-| emp | part | particle of emphasis (Bulgarian "даже" = "even") |
-| res | part | particle of response ("yes", "no") |
-| inf | part | infinitive marker (English "to", German "zu", Danish "at", Swedish "att"). Sometimes tagged as particle, sometimes as conjunction, sometimes has its own part of speech. |
-| vbp | part | separated verb prefix (German "vor" in "stellen Sie sich vor"); analogical verbal particles in English? |
-===== prontype =====
+===== nametype =====
-This is a new (September 2007) feature applied first to the Bulgarian CoNLL tag set. It takes over the pronoun classification that has been so far kept in the definiteness feature. See the [[brainstorming]] section for further details on lexical and morphological definiteness.
+Semantic classification of named entities and terms.
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| geo | geographical name ("Praha", "Ústí nad Labem") |
+| prs | personal name (no first/last distinction available) |
+| giv | given (first) name ("Petr", "John") |
+| sur | surname (last name) ("Dvořák", "Zelený", "Agassi", "Bush") |
+| nat | nationality ("Čech", "Kolumbijec") or a name of an inhabitant of certain location ("Pražan") |
+| com | company ("Tatra" (the company)) |
+| pro | product ("Tatra" (the car)) |
+| oth | other named entity, e.g.: mines, stadiums, guerilla bases etc. Also used for functional words in names. |
+| col | color indication |
+| sci | term from natural sciences |
+| che | chemical term |
+| med | medical term |
+| tec | general technical term |
+| cel | term from computers and electronics |
+| gov | term from politics, government, military |
+| jus | term from justice |
+| fin | financial or economic term |
+| env | term from ecology, environment |
+| cul | term from culture, education, arts, humanities |
+| spo | term from sports |
+| hob | term from hobby, leisure, traveling |
+===== adjtype =====
+A deprecated feature. The only value that has not yet been moved elsewhere is ''pdt''.
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| pdt | predeterminer (it is a special form of determiner; it is an adjectival word that can stand before an article, such as "all" in "all the flowers") |
+===== prontype =====
-Although it reads as "pronoun type" (and we use the word "pronoun" for simplicity), it is also applied to words that are usually not considered pronouns, such as interrogative/indefinite adverbs (where, there, when, then, how, why).
+Although it reads as "pronoun type" (and we use the word "pronoun" for simplicity), it is also applied to words that are usually not considered pronouns, such as determiners, interrogative/indefinite adverbs (where, there, when, then, how, why) etc.
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| | Empty value means that this is not a pronoun but a real noun, adjective, adverb etc. This will be more useful once we completely remove the pronoun part of speech, distribute the pronouns to other syntactically similar parts of speech and set their prontype. |
+| | Empty value means that this is not a pronoun but a real noun, adjective, adverb etc. |
+| prn | The word is pronominal (or determiner) but we do not know the exact type. |
 | prs | Personal or possessive pronoun. Possessives are recognizable by the value of their poss feature. |
 | rcp | Reciprocal pronoun (German "einander", Danish "hinanden"). Similar to personal pronouns but occurs as special case in object position. |
-| int | Interrogative pronoun ("who", "what", "which"). |
+| art | Article, i.e. determiner bearing only the feature of definiteness or indefinitess and nothing more (English "a", "an", "the", German "der", "die", "das", Portuguese "um", "uma", "o", "a", "os", "as"). |
-| rel | Relative pronoun. Many interrogative pronouns in many languages can also be used as relative pronouns. However, in some languages there are pronouns that fall in one of the categories but not both (Czech "jenž" is only relative; in Bulgarian, relatives are completely separated from interrogatives). For words that can be both interrogative and relative, "int" is the default value. |
+| int | Interrogative pronoun / determiner / adverb ("who", "what", "which"). |
-| dem | Demonstrative pronoun ("this", "that"). Being a demonstrative pronoun is not the same as being definite (definiteness=def), although the two feature-values are similar. |
+| rel | Relative pronoun / determiner / adverb. Many interrogative pronouns in many languages can also be used as relative pronouns. However, in some languages there are pronouns that fall in one of the categories but not both (Czech "jenž" is only relative; in Bulgarian, relatives are completely separated from interrogatives). For words that can be both interrogative and relative, "int" is the default value. |
-| neg | Negative pronoun ("nobody, nothing, none"). This is not the same as the negativeness feature. Unlike e.g. negative and positive adjectives or verbs, negative pronouns are not complements of some "positive" pronouns. Instead, they usually correspond to zero, nothing. |
+| dem | Demonstrative pronoun / determiner / adverb ("this", "that"). Being a demonstrative pronoun is not the same as being definite (definiteness=def), although the two feature-values are similar. |
-| ind | Indefinite pronoun ("somebody", "something", "anybody", "anything"). Being an indefinite pronoun is not the same as being morphologically indefinite (definiteness=ind). For instance, in Bulgarian there are morphologically definite lexically indefinite pronouns ("едната", "едното", "едните", "нещата"). In some languages, we could subclassify the indefinite pronouns into "few" ("málokdo"), "ind" ("někdo"), "mny" ("leckdo"), "any" ("kdokoli" - anybody you pick but you pick only one, not all at once; this is the difference from the totality pronouns) |
+| neg | Negative pronoun / determiner / adverb ("nobody, nothing, none"). This is not the same as the negativeness feature. Unlike e.g. negative and positive adjectives or verbs, negative pronouns are not complements of some "positive" pronouns. Instead, they usually correspond to zero, nothing. |
-| tot | Totality (universal) pronoun ("everybody", "everything") |
+| ind | Indefinite pronoun / determiner / adverb ("somebody", "something", "anybody", "anything"). Being an indefinite pronoun is not the same as being morphologically indefinite (definiteness=ind). For instance, in Bulgarian there are morphologically definite lexically indefinite pronouns ("едната", "едното", "едните", "нещата"). In some languages, we could subclassify the indefinite pronouns into "few" ("málokdo"), "ind" ("někdo"), "mny" ("leckdo"), "any" ("kdokoli" - anybody you pick but you pick only one, not all at once; this is the difference from the totality pronouns) |
+| tot | Totality (universal) pronoun / determiner / adverb ("everybody", "everything") |
 ===== numtype =====
@@ Line 73: / Line 87: @@
 | mult | multiplier number ("five times") |
 | frac | fraction ("one fifth") |
-| gen | generic numeral ("twofold", Czech "jedny", "čtvery", "čtvero", "čtverý") |
+| gen | generic numeral ("twofold", Czech "jedny", "čtvero", "čtverý") |
+| sets | number of sets of things, or of pluralia tantum (Czech "čtvery") |
 | dist | distributive numeral (Hungarian "három-három" in "gyermekenként három-három ezer forinttal" = "three thousand forint per child") |
+| range | range of values, subtype of card ("two-five" = "two to five") |
 ===== numform =====
@@ Line 109: / Line 125: @@
 Řada výskytů číslovek nemá (ani v té verzi 1) vyznačenu ani jednu hodnotu, např.: o kilku artykułach, przedstawił trzy swoje dzieła, wystąpił z sześcioma prelekcjami, z których trzy zostały...
+===== verbtype =====
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| aux | auxiliary verb used to construct complex verb forms (Czech "být", English "have", "will") |
+| cop | copula verb (Czech "být") |
+| mod | modal verb (German "dürfen", "können", "mögen", "müssen", "sollen", "wollen", "wissen"; Czech "muset", "mít", "moci", "smět", "umět", "chtít"; English "must", "can", "shall"); note that adverbs and particles have their own ''mod'' subpos |
+| verbconj | finite verb with the enclitic "-ť" (Czech "neboť" = "because") |
 ===== advtype =====
@@ Line 120: / Line 144: @@
 | deg | adverb of quantity or degree ("how much") |
 | cau | adverb of cause ("why") |
+| mod | adverb of modal nature (Bulgarian "апропо", Czech "možno", "nutno", "radno", "třeba") |
+| sta | adverb of state (Czech "plno", "zima", "chyba", "škoda", "volno", "nanic") |
+| adadj | ad-adjective: special form in Finnish, derived from adjectives, used only to modify other adjectives (http://archives.conlang.info/pei/juenchen/phaelbhaduen.html) |
+| ex | existential "there" in English |
+===== adpostype =====
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| prep | preposition ("in", "on", "to", "from") |
+| post | postposition (German "entlang" in "der Strasse entlang") |
+| circ | circumposition (German "von ... an" in "von dieser Stelle an") |
+| voc | vocalized preposition (Czech "ve" as opposed to base form "v") |
+| preppron | preposition and pronoun in one word (Czech "proň" = "pro něj", "nač" = "na co") |
+| comprep | first part of compound preposition (Czech "nehledě na", "vzhledem k") |
+===== conjtype =====
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| coor | coordinating conjunction |
+| sub | subordinating conjunction |
+| comp | comparing conjunction (German "wie", "als") |
+| oper | mathematical operator (Czech "krát") |
+===== parttype =====
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| mod | modal particle (Bulgarian "май" = "possibly", "нека" = "let"; Czech "ať", "kéž", "nechť") |
+| emp | particle of emphasis (Bulgarian "даже" = "even") |
+| res | particle of response ("yes", "no") |
+| inf | infinitive marker (English "to", German "zu", Danish "at", Swedish "att"). Sometimes tagged as particle, sometimes as conjunction, sometimes has its own part of speech. |
+| vbp | separated verb prefix (German "vor" in "stellen Sie sich vor"); analogical verbal particles in English? |
 ===== punctype =====
@@ Line 135: / Line 190: @@
 | semi | semicolon |
 | dash | dash |
-| symb | symbol |
 | root | artificial sentence root node, beginning of sentence |
@@ Line 147: / Line 201: @@
 ===== synpos =====
+**WARNING!** This feature is deprecated. Most likely it will not be used in Interset version 2 drivers.
 Does the pronoun or numeral behave syntactically as a noun, adjective, or adverb?
@@ Line 155: / Line 211: @@
 | adv | adverbial (like an adverb) |
 | pred | predicative adjective |
+===== morphpos =====
+A word's morphological paradigm may behave like a different part of speech than the word is assigned to. For example, Slovak noun //vstupné// “admission (fee)” behaves syntactically as noun, is tagged as noun, but it originates from an adjective and retains adjectival paradigm. The ''paradigm'' feature of the sk::snk tagset maps to this Interset feature.
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| noun | nominal paradigm |
+| adj | adjectival paradigm |
+| pron | pronominal paradigm |
+| num | numeral paradigm |
+| adv | adverbial paradigm |
+| mix | mixed paradigm |
+| def | deficient paradigm (some declension forms are missing) |
 ===== poss =====
@@ Line 194: / Line 263: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
 | foreign | foreign word (not a loan word but a citation in a foreign language — e.g., the title of a foreign book) |
+| fscript | foreign word written in a foreign script, e.g. "सगरमाथा" in English text |
+| tscript | foreign word transcribed from a foreign script, e.g. "Sagaramāthā" in English text |
 ===== gender =====
@@ Line 232: / Line 303: @@
 | sing | singular |
 | dual | dual |
-| plu | plural |
+| plur | plural |
 | ptan | plurale tantum |
 | coll | collective / mass / singulare tantum |
@@ Line 247: / Line 318: @@
 | sing | singular |
 | dual | dual |
-| plu | plural |
+| plur | plural |
 It applies e.g. to possessive pronouns and it can be different from their grammatical number, which is governed by agreement with the modified (possessed) noun phrase. Czech example: //můj pes// "my dog" (grammatical singular, possessor singular), //mí psi// "my dogs" (grammatical plural, possessor singular), //náš pes// "our dog" (grammatical singular, possessor plural), //naši psi// "our dogs" (grammatical plural, possessor plural).
@@ Line 258: / Line 329: @@
 | sing | singular |
 | dual | dual |
-| plu | plural |
+| plur | plural |
 In Hungarian, possession can be marked on the possessor or on the possessed. It is possible, though rare, that a noun has three distinct number features: its own grammatical number, number of its possessor and number of its possession. Examples from the Multext-East Hungarian lexicon:
@@ Line 364: / Line 435: @@
 | 2 | second (you) |
 | 3 | third (he, she, it, they) |
+Note that this feature is used also for possessive pronouns, where it means the person of the possessor. E.g. "my" has person=1, "your" has person=2, "their" has person=3.
 ===== possperson =====
-Possgender is possessor's person, marked e.g. in Hungarian.
+Possperson is possessor's person, marked e.g. in Hungarian. Don't use it for possessive pronouns (use [[https://wiki.ufal.ms.mff.cuni.cz/user:zeman:interset:features#person|person]] instead).
 | **Value** | **Description** |
@@ Line 379: / Line 452: @@
 | inf | informal (Czech "ty/vy", German "du/ihr", Spanish "tú/vosotros") |
 | pol | polite (Czech "vy", German "Sie", Spanish "usted") |
+===== (abs|erg|dat)(person|number|politeness|gender) =====
+In quite a few languages, finite verb forms agree in person and number with the subject. In Basque, a subset of verbs agree with up to three arguments: one in the absolutive case, one in ergative and one in dative. To distinguish the different values of person, number (and politeness and rarely even gender), there are special features for each of the three arguments. Their names contain the three-letter code of the case of the argument: ''absperson'', ''absnumber'', ''ergperson'', ''ergnumber'' etc.
 ===== subcat =====
-There are tag sets (e.g. Bulgarian CoNLL) that classify verbs as intransitive or transitive. It turns out that a Bulgarian verb can have set both features type=aux && trans=t. That is why we cannot mix transitivity and auxiliarity in subpos.
+There are tag sets (e.g. Bulgarian CoNLL) that classify verbs as intransitive or transitive.
 | **Value** | **Description** |
@@ Line 413: / Line 490: @@
 ===== tense =====
+Note: In Interset 1.0, there were two separate features, ''tense'' and ''subtense'', the latter consisting of the values ''aor'', ''imp'', ''nar'' and ''pqp''. We used to avoid hierarchical feature values (e.g. ''aor''ist implies ''past''; but many languages will only know ''past'' and their drivers will not check for the ''aor'' value). Hierarchical ordering of feature values is now normal and there are algorithms to exploit the hierarchy when a feature has to be replaced by another value, thus these two features have been merged.
+Note that, unfortunately, imperfect tense is not always the same as past tense + imperfective aspect. For instance, in Bulgarian, there is lexical aspect, inherent in verb meaning, and grammatical aspect, which does not necessarily always match the lexical one. In main clauses, imperfective verbs can have imperfect tense and perfective verbs have perfect tense. However, both rules can be violated in embedded clauses. Aorist is aspect-neutral and can freely appear with both imperfective and perfective verbs.
 | **Value** | **Description** |
@@ Line 418: / Line 499: @@
 | pres | present |
 | fut | future |
-===== subtense =====
-Finer classification of tenses, may not be available in all languages. (And in many languages, these tenses are built using auxiliaries, rather than special morphemes.) Having these separated from the main past-present-future distinction allows that drivers need not check for aorist/imperfect, if they know just one past tense.
-Note that, unfortunately, imperfect tense is not always the same as past tense + imperfective aspect. For instance, in Bulgarian, there is lexical aspect, inherent in verb meaning, and grammatical aspect, which does not necessarily always match the lexical one. In main clauses, imperfective verbs can have imperfect tense and perfective verbs have perfect tense. However, both rules can be violated in embedded clauses. Aorist is aspect-neutral and can freely appear with both imperfective and perfective verbs.
-| **Value** | **Description** |
 | aor | aorist |
 | imp | imperfect |
@@ Line 471: / Line 544: @@
 | **Value** | **Meaning** | **Explanation** | **Examples** |
 | rdp | reduplicative | The word is a copy of a previous word. In Hindi, this would add the meaning of distribution ("one rupee each"), separation ("sit separately"), variety, diversity or just emphasis. | hi: "कभी - कभी" = "kabhī - kabhī" = "sometimes", "कभी" = "kabhī" = "sometimes"; "एक एक" = "eka eka" = "one each", "एक" = "eka" = "one" |
-| ech | echo | The word rhymes with a previous word but it is not identical to it and typically id does not have any meaning of its own. In Hindi it generalizes the meaning of the previous word and eventually translates as "or something", "etc." etc. | hi: "चाय वाय" = "čāya vāya" = "tea or something" (as in "Have some tea or something.") |
+| ech | echo | The word rhymes with a previous word but it is not identical to it and typically it does not have any meaning of its own. In Hindi it generalizes the meaning of the previous word and eventually translates as "or something", "etc." etc. | hi: "चाय वाय" = "čāya vāya" = "tea or something" (as in "Have some tea or something.") |
 For more details see Rupert Snell and Simon Weightman: //Teach Yourself Hindi,// Section 16.4 and 16.5, pages 210 – 211.
@@ Line 478: / Line 551: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| arch | archaic, obsolete, rare |
+| arch | archaic, obsolete |
+| rare | rare |
 | form | formal, literary |
+| poet | poetic |
 | norm | normal, neutral |
 | coll | colloquial |
 | vrnc | vernacular |
 | slng | slang |
+| expr | expressive, emotional |
 | derg | derogative |
 | vulg | vulgar |
@@ Line 520: / Line 596: @@
 Only information that cannot be stored in other features should be stored here.
 The apparently easiest approach — to store the complete original tag — will not work if the user needs to change feature values between decode() and encode().
+Note that the ''tagset'' feature may sometimes refer to a related but different driver. For instance, drivers ''cs::pmk'' and ''cs::pmkkr'' are related. The latter is a reduced version of the former and its implementation uses the code of the driver for ''cs::pmk''. Both drivers share their interpretation of the values of the ''other'' feature. They thus also use the same value of the ''tagset'' feature, namely ''cs::pmk''. Sharing this identifier helps one driver understand the ''other'' values set by the other driver. The derived driver has its own identifier, ''cs::pmkkr'', but this identifier is never mentioned in the feature structures. It would be more precise to say that the ''tagset'' feature identifies the language used in the feature structure, rather than the source tagset.

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