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user:zeman:interset:features [2014/11/18 16:02] zeman |
user:zeman:interset:features [2017/07/11 12:18] zeman [tense] |
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| | Empty value means that this is not a pronoun but a real noun, adjective, adverb etc. | | | | Empty value means that this is not a pronoun but a real noun, adjective, adverb etc. | | ||
| prn | The word is pronominal (or determiner) but we do not know the exact type. | | | prn | The word is pronominal (or determiner) but we do not know the exact type. | | ||
- | | prs | Personal or possessive pronoun. Possessives are recognizable by the value of their poss feature. | | + | | prs | Personal or possessive pronoun. Possessives are recognizable by the value of their poss feature. Reflexive pronouns are distinguished from normal personal/ |
| rcp | Reciprocal pronoun (German " | | rcp | Reciprocal pronoun (German " | ||
| art | Article, i.e. determiner bearing only the feature of definiteness or indefinitess and nothing more (English " | | art | Article, i.e. determiner bearing only the feature of definiteness or indefinitess and nothing more (English " | ||
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| exc | Exclamative pronoun / determiner, expresses the speaker' | | exc | Exclamative pronoun / determiner, expresses the speaker' | ||
| dem | Demonstrative pronoun / determiner / adverb (" | | dem | Demonstrative pronoun / determiner / adverb (" | ||
+ | | emp | Emphatic pronoun / determiner. There are similarities with reflexive and demonstrative pronouns / determiners. Example: " | ||
| neg | Negative pronoun / determiner / adverb (" | | neg | Negative pronoun / determiner / adverb (" | ||
| ind | Indefinite pronoun / determiner / adverb (" | | ind | Indefinite pronoun / determiner / adverb (" | ||
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| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | | ||
- | | card | cardinal number | | + | | card | cardinal number |
| ord | ordinal number | | | ord | ordinal number | | ||
- | | mult | multiplier | + | | mult | multiplicative |
| frac | fraction ("one fifth" | | frac | fraction ("one fifth" | ||
- | | gen | generic numeral (" | + | | sets | number of sets of things, or of pluralia tantum (Czech |
- | | sets | number of sets of things, or of pluralia tantum (Czech " | + | |
| dist | distributive numeral (Hungarian " | | dist | distributive numeral (Hungarian " | ||
| range | range of values, subtype of card (" | | range | range of values, subtype of card (" | ||
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| cop | copula verb (Czech " | | cop | copula verb (Czech " | ||
| mod | modal verb (German " | | mod | modal verb (German " | ||
+ | | light | light (support) verb in verbo-nominal constructions (Japanese " | ||
| verbconj | finite verb with the enclitic " | | verbconj | finite verb with the enclitic " | ||
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| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | | ||
- | | poss | possessive | | + | | yes | possessive | |
===== reflex ===== | ===== reflex ===== | ||
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| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | | ||
- | | reflex | + | | yes | reflexive | |
- | ===== negativeness | + | ===== polarity |
| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | | ||
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| neg | negative | | | neg | negative | | ||
- | ===== definiteness | + | ===== definite |
See also the '' | See also the '' | ||
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| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | | ||
| ind | indefinite | | | ind | indefinite | | ||
+ | | spec | specific indefinite ("a certain stick" | ||
| def | definite | | | def | definite | | ||
- | | red | reduced: used in [[http:// | + | | cons | reduced: used in [[http:// |
| com | complex: used in [[http:// | | com | complex: used in [[http:// | ||
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| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | | ||
- | | foreign | + | | yes | foreign word (not a loan word but a citation in a foreign language — e.g., the title of a foreign book) | |
- | | fscript | foreign word written in a foreign script, e.g. " | + | |
- | | tscript | foreign word transcribed from a foreign script, e.g. " | + | |
===== gender ===== | ===== gender ===== | ||
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| neut | neuter | | | neut | neuter | | ||
- | ===== animateness | + | ===== animacy |
| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | | ||
| anim | animate | | | anim | animate | | ||
- | | nhum | animate but not human | | ||
| inan | inanimate | | | inan | inanimate | | ||
+ | | hum | human | | ||
+ | | nhum | not human | | ||
- | The distinction of human vs. nonhuman | + | Some languages distinguish only animate vs. inanimate, where the animate category includes humans, animals, fictious characters and sometimes also personified things. Some languages distinguish |
+ | |||
+ | The Polish | ||
| gender | sg-nom | sg-gen | sg-dat | sg-acc | sg-ins | sg-loc | pl-nom | pl-gen | pl-dat | pl-acc | pl-ins | pl-loc | | | gender | sg-nom | sg-gen | sg-dat | sg-acc | sg-ins | sg-loc | pl-nom | pl-gen | pl-dat | pl-acc | pl-ins | pl-loc | | ||
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| sing | singular | | | sing | singular | | ||
| dual | dual | | | dual | dual | | ||
+ | | tri | trial | | ||
+ | | pauc | paucal | | ||
+ | | grpa | greater paucal | | ||
| plur | plural | | | plur | plural | | ||
+ | | grpl | greater plural | | ||
+ | | inv | inverse | | ||
| ptan | plurale tantum | | | ptan | plurale tantum | | ||
| coll | collective / mass / singulare tantum | | | coll | collective / mass / singulare tantum | | ||
+ | | count | “counting form”, “count plural” or “quantitative plural” in Bulgarian and Macedonian (Sussex and Cubberley 2006, p. 324). It is a special plural form of nouns if they occur after numerals. (The form originates in the Proto-Slavic dual but it should not be marked as dual because 1. the dual vanished from Bulgarian and 2. the form is no longer semantically tied to the number two.) | | ||
//Pluralia tantum// is a special case of plural, occurring e.g. in Czech. It applies to words that do not have singular forms. They use grammatical plural regardless of semantic number. Czech example: //nůžky// " | //Pluralia tantum// is a special case of plural, occurring e.g. in Czech. It applies to words that do not have singular forms. They use grammatical plural regardless of semantic number. Czech example: //nůžky// " | ||
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| voc | vocative | cs: dome, budovo = hey, you house! | | | voc | vocative | cs: dome, budovo = hey, you house! | | ||
| loc | locative | cs: v& | | loc | locative | cs: v& | ||
- | | ins | instrumental | cs: domem, budovou = with/ | + | | ins | instrumental |
- | | ist | instructive | + | |
| abl | ablative | hu: a barátomtól jövök = jdu od kamaráda fi: pöydältä = se stolu; katolta = se střechy; rannalta = z pláže | | | abl | ablative | hu: a barátomtól jövök = jdu od kamaráda fi: pöydältä = se stolu; katolta = se střechy; rannalta = z pláže | | ||
| par | partitive | Ve finštině vyjadřuje neznámou identitu a neukončené akce bez výsledku. Příklady užití: kolme taloa = tři domy (koncovka -a u talo); rakastan tätä taloa = mám rád tento dům; saanko lainata kirjaa? = můžu si půjčit tu knihu? (koncovka -a u kirja); lasissa on maitoa = ve sklenici je (nějaké) mléko; akuzativ: ammuin karhun = zastřelil jsem medvěda (a vím, že je mrtvý); partitiv: ammuin karhua = střelil jsem po medvědovi (a nevím ani, jestli jsem ho trefil); Akuzativ (v opozici k partitivu) taky může suplovat chybějící budoucí čas: akuzativ: luen kirjan = přečtu si tu knihu; partitiv: luen kirjaa = čtu knihu | | | par | partitive | Ve finštině vyjadřuje neznámou identitu a neukončené akce bez výsledku. Příklady užití: kolme taloa = tři domy (koncovka -a u talo); rakastan tätä taloa = mám rád tento dům; saanko lainata kirjaa? = můžu si půjčit tu knihu? (koncovka -a u kirja); lasissa on maitoa = ve sklenici je (nějaké) mléko; akuzativ: ammuin karhun = zastřelil jsem medvěda (a vím, že je mrtvý); partitiv: ammuin karhua = střelil jsem po medvědovi (a nevím ani, jestli jsem ho trefil); Akuzativ (v opozici k partitivu) taky může suplovat chybějící budoucí čas: akuzativ: luen kirjan = přečtu si tu knihu; partitiv: luen kirjaa = čtu knihu | | ||
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| cau | causative / motivative | Noun in this case is the cause of something. hu: Hálás leszekérte. eu: jokaeragatik = because of behavior (jokaera = behavior) | | | cau | causative / motivative | Noun in this case is the cause of something. hu: Hálás leszekérte. eu: jokaeragatik = because of behavior (jokaera = behavior) | | ||
| ben | benefactive / destinative | Corresponds to the preposition " | | ben | benefactive / destinative | Corresponds to the preposition " | ||
+ | | equ | equative | “X-like”, | ||
+ | | cmp | comparative | “than X”. It marks the standard of comparison and it differs from the comparative degree, which marks the property being compared. It occurs in Dravidian and Northeast-Caucasian languages. | | ||
* Fine grained locative cases (Uralic languages) | * Fine grained locative cases (Uralic languages) | ||
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| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | | ||
| pos | positive, first degree (note that although this degree is traditionally called " | | pos | positive, first degree (note that although this degree is traditionally called " | ||
- | | comp | comparative, | + | | cmp | comparative, |
| sup | superlative, | | sup | superlative, | ||
| abs | absolute superlative | | | abs | absolute superlative | | ||
+ | | equ | equative ("same quality as the other object" | ||
+ | | dim | diminutive (used for nouns e.g. in Dutch: " | ||
+ | | aug | augmentative (for nouns, opposite of diminutive; both dim and aug are used in the Freeling tagset of Portuguese | | ||
===== person ===== | ===== person ===== | ||
| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | | ||
+ | | 0 | zero / impersonal construction | | ||
| 1 | first (I, we) | | | 1 | first (I, we) | | ||
| 2 | second (you) | | | 2 | second (you) | | ||
| 3 | third (he, she, it, they) | | | 3 | third (he, she, it, they) | | ||
+ | | 4 | fourth (i.e. another third person, morphologically distinguished from the main third person) | | ||
Note that this feature is used also for possessive pronouns, where it means the person of the possessor. E.g. " | Note that this feature is used also for possessive pronouns, where it means the person of the possessor. E.g. " | ||
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| 3 | third (his, her, its, their) | | | 3 | third (his, her, its, their) | | ||
- | ===== politeness | + | ===== polite |
| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | | ||
- | | inf | informal (Czech " | + | | infm | informal (Czech " |
- | | pol | polite (Czech " | + | | form | formal / polite (Czech " |
+ | | elev | elevated status of referent/ | ||
+ | | humb | humbled status of speaker, subtype of '' | ||
- | ===== (abs|erg|dat)(person|number|politeness|gender) ===== | + | ===== (abs|erg|dat)(person|number|polite|gender) ===== |
In quite a few languages, finite verb forms agree in person and number with the subject. In Basque, a subset of verbs agree with up to three arguments: one in the absolutive case, one in ergative and one in dative. To distinguish the different values of person, number (and politeness and rarely even gender), there are special features for each of the three arguments. Their names contain the three-letter code of the case of the argument: '' | In quite a few languages, finite verb forms agree in person and number with the subject. In Basque, a subset of verbs agree with up to three arguments: one in the absolutive case, one in ergative and one in dative. To distinguish the different values of person, number (and politeness and rarely even gender), there are special features for each of the three arguments. Their names contain the three-letter code of the case of the argument: '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== position ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Adjectives in some languages (e.g. in Dutch) have different forms depending on how and where they are used. The same may hold for determiners (including possessive pronouns), quantifiers, | ||
+ | |||
+ | Note: This feature has been introduced because of the '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | | **Value** | **Description** | | ||
+ | | prenom | modifies a following noun; Dutch " | ||
+ | | postnom | modifies a preceding noun; Dutch " | ||
+ | | nom | adjective constituting a noun phrase, inflected as a noun; Dutch " | ||
+ | | free | adjective used independently, | ||
===== subcat ===== | ===== subcat ===== | ||
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| sup | supine (with motion verbs: "go do something"; | | sup | supine (with motion verbs: "go do something"; | ||
| part | participle (present (" | | part | participle (present (" | ||
- | | trans | transgressive, | + | | conv | converb, |
- | | ger | [[http:// | + | | vnoun | [[http:// |
+ | | ger | [[http:// | ||
+ | | gdv | [[http:// | ||
===== mood ===== | ===== mood ===== | ||
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| sub | subjunctive (conjunctive) (spojovací) | | | sub | subjunctive (conjunctive) (spojovací) | | ||
| jus | jussive (přací) | | | jus | jussive (přací) | | ||
+ | | prp | purposive (in order to) | | ||
| qot | quotative (Estonian: denotes direct speech) | | | qot | quotative (Estonian: denotes direct speech) | | ||
| opt | optative (Turkish; "May you have a long life! If only I were rich!" | | opt | optative (Turkish; "May you have a long life! If only I were rich!" | ||
| des | desiderative (Turkish; "He wants to come." | | des | desiderative (Turkish; "He wants to come." | ||
| nec | necessitative (Turkish; "He must come. He should come." | | nec | necessitative (Turkish; "He must come. He should come." | ||
+ | | adm | admirative (Albanian; expresses surprise, irony or doubt) | | ||
===== tense ===== | ===== tense ===== | ||
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| aor | aorist | | | aor | aorist | | ||
| imp | imperfect | | | imp | imperfect | | ||
- | | nar | narrative (Turkish // | ||
| pqp | pluperfect | | | pqp | pluperfect | | ||
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| imp | imperfect | | | imp | imperfect | | ||
| perf | perfect | | | perf | perfect | | ||
- | | pro | prospective | | + | | prosp | prospective | |
| prog | progressive | | | prog | progressive | | ||
+ | | hab | habitual | | ||
+ | | iter | iterative, frequentative | | ||
===== voice ===== | ===== voice ===== | ||
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| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | | ||
| act | active | | | act | active | | ||
+ | | mid | middle (Ancient Greek; neither active nor passive but somewhere inbetween; they have also mediopassive, | ||
| pass | passive | | | pass | passive | | ||
| rcp | reciprocal (Turkish " | | rcp | reciprocal (Turkish " | ||
| cau | causative (Turkish " | | cau | causative (Turkish " | ||
+ | | antip | antipassive | | ||
+ | | dir | direct | | ||
+ | | inv | inverse | | ||
{{: | {{: | ||
+ | ===== evident ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Evidentiality: | ||
+ | |||
+ | | **Value** | **Description** | | ||
+ | | fh | firsthand | | ||
+ | | nfh | nonfirsthand | | ||
===== abbr ===== | ===== abbr ===== | ||
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| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | | ||
- | | abbr | abbreviation | | + | | yes | abbreviation | |
===== hyph ===== | ===== hyph ===== | ||
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| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | | ||
- | | hyph | hyphenated prefix (" | + | | yes | hyphenated prefix (" |
===== echo ===== | ===== echo ===== | ||
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| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | | ||
- | | typo | typo, bad spelling, error | | + | | yes | typo, bad spelling, error | |
===== variant ===== | ===== variant ===== |