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user:zeman:interset:features [2015/10/01 09:09] zeman Comparative is now encoded as "cmp", not "comp". |
user:zeman:interset:features [2017/07/11 12:03] zeman [evident] |
| exc | Exclamative pronoun / determiner, expresses the speaker's surprise towards the modified noun, e.g. "what" in "What a surprise!" In many languages, exclamative determiners are recruited from the set of interrogative determiners. Therefore, not all tagsets distinguish them. For instance, they are distinguished in Spanish (es::conll2009), Catalan (ca::conll2009) and Persian (fa::conll). | | | exc | Exclamative pronoun / determiner, expresses the speaker's surprise towards the modified noun, e.g. "what" in "What a surprise!" In many languages, exclamative determiners are recruited from the set of interrogative determiners. Therefore, not all tagsets distinguish them. For instance, they are distinguished in Spanish (es::conll2009), Catalan (ca::conll2009) and Persian (fa::conll). | |
| dem | Demonstrative pronoun / determiner / adverb ("this", "that"). Being a demonstrative pronoun is not the same as being definite (definiteness=def), although the two feature-values are similar. | | | dem | Demonstrative pronoun / determiner / adverb ("this", "that"). Being a demonstrative pronoun is not the same as being definite (definiteness=def), although the two feature-values are similar. | |
| | emp | Emphatic pronoun / determiner. There are similarities with reflexive and demonstrative pronouns / determiners. Example: "himself" as in "He himself did it." Czech "sám", Romanian "însuși". | |
| neg | Negative pronoun / determiner / adverb ("nobody, nothing, none"). This is not the same as the negativeness feature. Unlike e.g. negative and positive adjectives or verbs, negative pronouns are not complements of some "positive" pronouns. Instead, they usually correspond to zero, nothing. | | | neg | Negative pronoun / determiner / adverb ("nobody, nothing, none"). This is not the same as the negativeness feature. Unlike e.g. negative and positive adjectives or verbs, negative pronouns are not complements of some "positive" pronouns. Instead, they usually correspond to zero, nothing. | |
| ind | Indefinite pronoun / determiner / adverb ("somebody", "something", "anybody", "anything"). Being an indefinite pronoun is not the same as being morphologically indefinite (definiteness=ind). For instance, in Bulgarian there are morphologically definite lexically indefinite pronouns ("едната", "едното", "едните", "нещата"). In some languages, we could subclassify the indefinite pronouns into "few" ("málokdo"), "ind" ("někdo"), "mny" ("leckdo"), "any" ("kdokoli" - anybody you pick but you pick only one, not all at once; this is the difference from the totality pronouns) | | | ind | Indefinite pronoun / determiner / adverb ("somebody", "something", "anybody", "anything"). Being an indefinite pronoun is not the same as being morphologically indefinite (definiteness=ind). For instance, in Bulgarian there are morphologically definite lexically indefinite pronouns ("едната", "едното", "едните", "нещата"). In some languages, we could subclassify the indefinite pronouns into "few" ("málokdo"), "ind" ("někdo"), "mny" ("leckdo"), "any" ("kdokoli" - anybody you pick but you pick only one, not all at once; this is the difference from the totality pronouns) | |
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| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | |
| card | cardinal number | | | card | cardinal number (includes Czech "čtvero", which is classified as generic numeral in Czech grammar) | |
| ord | ordinal number | | | ord | ordinal number | |
| mult | multiplier number ("five times") | | | mult | multiplicative number (adjectival: "twofold", Czech "čtverý"; adverbial: "five times") | |
| frac | fraction ("one fifth") | | | frac | fraction ("one fifth") | |
| gen | generic numeral ("twofold", Czech "jedny", "čtvero", "čtverý") | | | sets | number of sets of things, or of pluralia tantum (Czech "jedny", "čtvery") | |
| sets | number of sets of things, or of pluralia tantum (Czech "čtvery") | | |
| dist | distributive numeral (Hungarian "három-három" in "gyermekenként három-három ezer forinttal" = "three thousand forint per child") | | | dist | distributive numeral (Hungarian "három-három" in "gyermekenként három-három ezer forinttal" = "three thousand forint per child") | |
| range | range of values, subtype of card ("two-five" = "two to five") | | | range | range of values, subtype of card ("two-five" = "two to five") | |
| |
| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | |
| poss | possessive | | | yes | possessive | |
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===== reflex ===== | ===== reflex ===== |
| |
| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | |
| reflex | reflexive | | | yes | reflexive | |
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===== negativeness ===== | ===== polarity ===== |
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| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | |
| neg | negative | | | neg | negative | |
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===== definiteness ===== | ===== definite ===== |
| |
See also the ''prontype'' feature. | See also the ''prontype'' feature. |
| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | |
| ind | indefinite | | | ind | indefinite | |
| | spec | specific indefinite ("a certain stick") | |
| def | definite | | | def | definite | |
| red | reduced: used in [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_constructus|construct state]] in Arabic. If two nouns are in genitive relation, the first one (the "nomen regens") has "reduced definiteness," the second is the genitive and can be either definite or indefinite. Reduced form has neither the definite morpheme (article), nor the indefinite morpheme (nunation). For instance: indefinite state: حلوَةٌ //ḥulwatun// “a sweet”; definite state: الحلوَةُ //al-ḥulwatu// “the sweet”; حلوَةُ //ḥulwatu// “sweet of”. | | | cons | reduced: used in [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_constructus|construct state]] in Arabic. If two nouns are in genitive relation, the first one (the "nomen regens") has "reduced definiteness," the second is the genitive and can be either definite or indefinite. Reduced form has neither the definite morpheme (article), nor the indefinite morpheme (nunation). For instance: indefinite state: حلوَةٌ //ḥulwatun// “a sweet”; definite state: الحلوَةُ //al-ḥulwatu// “the sweet”; حلوَةُ //ḥulwatu// “sweet of”. | |
| com | complex: used in [[http://books.google.cz/books?id=rs3hzfgj3hoC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&dq=arabic+improper+annexation&source=bl&ots=d6gGCpprOX&sig=3G6YkRZsIy_EL0OCEh7_V7qqnlE&hl=cs&ei=ZasDTuLhGc_vsgaLlcyeDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=arabic%20improper%20annexation&f=false|improper annexation]] in Arabic. The genitive construction described above normally consists of two nouns (first reduced, second genitive). That is called proper annexation or iḍāfa. If the first member is an adjective or adjectivally used participle and the second member is a definite noun, the construction is called improper annexation or false iḍāfa. The result is a compound adjective that is usually used as an attributive adjunct and thus must agree in definiteness with the noun it modifies. Its first part (the adjective or participle) may get again the definite article. Although it may look the same as the form for the definite state, it is assigned a special value of //complex// state to reflect the different origin. See also [[http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/padt/PADT_1.0/docs/papers/2004-nemlar-padt.pdf|Hajič et al.]] page 3. For instance: مُخْتَلِفٌ //muxtalifun// “different/various” (active participle, Form VIII); نَوْعٌ ج أنْوَاعٌ //nawˀun ja anwāˀun// “kind”; مُخْتَلِفُ الأنْوَاعِ //muxtalifu al-anwāˀi// “of various kinds” (false iḍāfa); مَشَاكِلُ مُخْتَلِفَةُ الأنْوَاعِ //mašākilu muxtalifatu al-anwāˀi// “problems of various kinds”; اَلْمَشَاكِلُ الْمُخْتَلِفَةُ الأنْوَاعِ //al-mašākilu al-muxtalifatu al-anwāˀi// “the problems of various kinds”. | | | com | complex: used in [[http://books.google.cz/books?id=rs3hzfgj3hoC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&dq=arabic+improper+annexation&source=bl&ots=d6gGCpprOX&sig=3G6YkRZsIy_EL0OCEh7_V7qqnlE&hl=cs&ei=ZasDTuLhGc_vsgaLlcyeDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=arabic%20improper%20annexation&f=false|improper annexation]] in Arabic. The genitive construction described above normally consists of two nouns (first reduced, second genitive). That is called proper annexation or iḍāfa. If the first member is an adjective or adjectivally used participle and the second member is a definite noun, the construction is called improper annexation or false iḍāfa. The result is a compound adjective that is usually used as an attributive adjunct and thus must agree in definiteness with the noun it modifies. Its first part (the adjective or participle) may get again the definite article. Although it may look the same as the form for the definite state, it is assigned a special value of //complex// state to reflect the different origin. See also [[http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/padt/PADT_1.0/docs/papers/2004-nemlar-padt.pdf|Hajič et al.]] page 3. For instance: مُخْتَلِفٌ //muxtalifun// “different/various” (active participle, Form VIII); نَوْعٌ ج أنْوَاعٌ //nawˀun ja anwāˀun// “kind”; مُخْتَلِفُ الأنْوَاعِ //muxtalifu al-anwāˀi// “of various kinds” (false iḍāfa); مَشَاكِلُ مُخْتَلِفَةُ الأنْوَاعِ //mašākilu muxtalifatu al-anwāˀi// “problems of various kinds”; اَلْمَشَاكِلُ الْمُخْتَلِفَةُ الأنْوَاعِ //al-mašākilu al-muxtalifatu al-anwāˀi// “the problems of various kinds”. | |
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| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | |
| foreign | foreign word (not a loan word but a citation in a foreign language — e.g., the title of a foreign book) | | | yes | foreign word (not a loan word but a citation in a foreign language — e.g., the title of a foreign book) | |
| fscript | foreign word written in a foreign script, e.g. "सगरमाथा" in English text | | |
| tscript | foreign word transcribed from a foreign script, e.g. "Sagaramāthā" in English text | | |
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===== gender ===== | ===== gender ===== |
| neut | neuter | | | neut | neuter | |
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===== animateness ===== | ===== animacy ===== |
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| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | |
| anim | animate | | | anim | animate | |
| nhum | animate but not human | | |
| inan | inanimate | | | inan | inanimate | |
| | hum | human | |
| | nhum | not human | |
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The distinction of human vs. nonhuman occurs in Polish grammar, e.g. the word "który" (which): | Some languages distinguish only animate vs. inanimate, where the animate category includes humans, animals, fictious characters and sometimes also personified things. Some languages distinguish human vs. nonhuman, i.e. animals fall into the latter category. Some languages, e.g. Polish (see below) have a three-value system: human vs. animate non-human vs. inanimate. In that case we use the ''nhum'' value to denote the non-human animates, i.e. it excludes inanimates (while in hum-nhum systems, the ''nhum'' label includes inanimates). |
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| The Polish word "który" (which) is an example of three-value animacy: |
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| gender | sg-nom | sg-gen | sg-dat | sg-acc | sg-ins | sg-loc | pl-nom | pl-gen | pl-dat | pl-acc | pl-ins | pl-loc | | | gender | sg-nom | sg-gen | sg-dat | sg-acc | sg-ins | sg-loc | pl-nom | pl-gen | pl-dat | pl-acc | pl-ins | pl-loc | |
| sing | singular | | | sing | singular | |
| dual | dual | | | dual | dual | |
| | tri | trial | |
| | pauc | paucal | |
| | grpa | greater paucal | |
| plur | plural | | | plur | plural | |
| | grpl | greater plural | |
| | inv | inverse | |
| ptan | plurale tantum | | | ptan | plurale tantum | |
| coll | collective / mass / singulare tantum | | | coll | collective / mass / singulare tantum | |
| | count | “counting form”, “count plural” or “quantitative plural” in Bulgarian and Macedonian (Sussex and Cubberley 2006, p. 324). It is a special plural form of nouns if they occur after numerals. (The form originates in the Proto-Slavic dual but it should not be marked as dual because 1. the dual vanished from Bulgarian and 2. the form is no longer semantically tied to the number two.) | |
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//Pluralia tantum// is a special case of plural, occurring e.g. in Czech. It applies to words that do not have singular forms. They use grammatical plural regardless of semantic number. Czech example: //nůžky// "scissors": //Papír rozstříhejte nůžkami.// "Use scissors to cut the paper to pieces." (semantic singular) vs. //Koupil jsem si dvoje nůžky.// "I bought two pairs of scissors." (semantic plural) | //Pluralia tantum// is a special case of plural, occurring e.g. in Czech. It applies to words that do not have singular forms. They use grammatical plural regardless of semantic number. Czech example: //nůžky// "scissors": //Papír rozstříhejte nůžkami.// "Use scissors to cut the paper to pieces." (semantic singular) vs. //Koupil jsem si dvoje nůžky.// "I bought two pairs of scissors." (semantic plural) |
| cau | causative / motivative | Noun in this case is the cause of something. hu: Hálás leszekérte. eu: jokaeragatik = because of behavior (jokaera = behavior) | | | cau | causative / motivative | Noun in this case is the cause of something. hu: Hálás leszekérte. eu: jokaeragatik = because of behavior (jokaera = behavior) | |
| ben | benefactive / destinative | Corresponds to the preposition "for". eu: mutilarentzat = for boys (mutil = boy) | | | ben | benefactive / destinative | Corresponds to the preposition "for". eu: mutilarentzat = for boys (mutil = boy) | |
| | equ | equative | “X-like”, “similar to X”, “same as X”. It marks the standard of comparison and it differs from the equative degree, which marks the property being compared. tr: bence = like me (ben = I) | |
| | cmp | comparative | “than X”. It marks the standard of comparison and it differs from the comparative degree, which marks the property being compared. It occurs in Dravidian and Northeast-Caucasian languages. | |
| |
* Fine grained locative cases (Uralic languages) | * Fine grained locative cases (Uralic languages) |
| sup | superlative, third degree | | | sup | superlative, third degree | |
| abs | absolute superlative | | | abs | absolute superlative | |
| | equ | equative ("same quality as the other object") | |
| dim | diminutive (used for nouns e.g. in Dutch: "stoeltje", "huisje", "nippertje") | | | dim | diminutive (used for nouns e.g. in Dutch: "stoeltje", "huisje", "nippertje") | |
| | aug | augmentative (for nouns, opposite of diminutive; both dim and aug are used in the Freeling tagset of Portuguese | |
| |
===== person ===== | ===== person ===== |
| |
| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | |
| | 0 | zero / impersonal construction | |
| 1 | first (I, we) | | | 1 | first (I, we) | |
| 2 | second (you) | | | 2 | second (you) | |
| 3 | third (he, she, it, they) | | | 3 | third (he, she, it, they) | |
| | 4 | fourth (i.e. another third person, morphologically distinguished from the main third person) | |
| |
Note that this feature is used also for possessive pronouns, where it means the person of the possessor. E.g. "my" has person=1, "your" has person=2, "their" has person=3. | Note that this feature is used also for possessive pronouns, where it means the person of the possessor. E.g. "my" has person=1, "your" has person=2, "their" has person=3. |
| 3 | third (his, her, its, their) | | | 3 | third (his, her, its, their) | |
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===== politeness ===== | ===== polite ===== |
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| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | |
| inf | informal (Czech "ty/vy", German "du/ihr", Spanish "tú/vosotros") | | | infm | informal (Czech "ty/vy", German "du/ihr", Spanish "tú/vosotros") | |
| pol | polite (Czech "vy", German "Sie", Spanish "usted") | | | form | formal / polite (Czech "vy", German "Sie", Spanish "usted") | |
| | elev | elevated status of referent/addressee, subtype of ''form'' | |
| | humb | humbled status of speaker, subtype of ''form'' | |
| |
===== (abs|erg|dat)(person|number|politeness|gender) ===== | ===== (abs|erg|dat)(person|number|polite|gender) ===== |
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In quite a few languages, finite verb forms agree in person and number with the subject. In Basque, a subset of verbs agree with up to three arguments: one in the absolutive case, one in ergative and one in dative. To distinguish the different values of person, number (and politeness and rarely even gender), there are special features for each of the three arguments. Their names contain the three-letter code of the case of the argument: ''absperson'', ''absnumber'', ''ergperson'', ''ergnumber'' etc. The value range is identical to the base features. That is, ''absnumber'', ''ergnumber'' and ''datnumber'' may get the same values as ''number''. | In quite a few languages, finite verb forms agree in person and number with the subject. In Basque, a subset of verbs agree with up to three arguments: one in the absolutive case, one in ergative and one in dative. To distinguish the different values of person, number (and politeness and rarely even gender), there are special features for each of the three arguments. Their names contain the three-letter code of the case of the argument: ''absperson'', ''absnumber'', ''ergperson'', ''ergnumber'' etc. The value range is identical to the base features. That is, ''absnumber'', ''ergnumber'' and ''datnumber'' may get the same values as ''number''. |
| sup | supine (with motion verbs: "go do something"; infinitive used in languages where there is no supine) | | | sup | supine (with motion verbs: "go do something"; infinitive used in languages where there is no supine) | |
| part | participle (present ("doing"), past ("done"), passive (Czech "udělán" distinguished from adjective "udělaný" by variant=short)), gerundive | | | part | participle (present ("doing"), past ("done"), passive (Czech "udělán" distinguished from adjective "udělaný" by variant=short)), gerundive | |
| trans | transgressive, adverbial participle (modifies other verbs, behaves like adverb; Czech present "dělaje", past "udělav") | | | conv | converb, transgressive, adverbial participle (modifies other verbs, behaves like adverb; Czech present "dělaje", past "udělav"; some authors also call it gerund!) | |
| ger | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund|gerund]] ([[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_noun|verbal noun]]). Latin //gerundium:// "amare" => genitive "amandi", dative "amando", accusative "(ad) amandum", ablative "amando". | | | vnoun | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_noun|verbal noun]] | |
| | ger | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund|gerund]]. Deprecated in cases which are traditionally called gerund but could be plausibly called verbal noun (see above). Latin //gerundium:// "amare" => genitive "amandi", dative "amando", accusative "(ad) amandum", ablative "amando". | |
| gdv | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerundive|gerundive]] ([[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributive_verb|verbal adjective]]). Latin //gerundivum:// "portāre" => "portandus, portanda, portandum" | | | gdv | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerundive|gerundive]] ([[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributive_verb|verbal adjective]]). Latin //gerundivum:// "portāre" => "portandus, portanda, portandum" | |
| |
| sub | subjunctive (conjunctive) (spojovací) | | | sub | subjunctive (conjunctive) (spojovací) | |
| jus | jussive (přací) | | | jus | jussive (přací) | |
| | prp | purposive (in order to) | |
| qot | quotative (Estonian: denotes direct speech) | | | qot | quotative (Estonian: denotes direct speech) | |
| opt | optative (Turkish; "May you have a long life! If only I were rich!") | | | opt | optative (Turkish; "May you have a long life! If only I were rich!") | |
| des | desiderative (Turkish; "He wants to come.") | | | des | desiderative (Turkish; "He wants to come.") | |
| nec | necessitative (Turkish; "He must come. He should come.") | | | nec | necessitative (Turkish; "He must come. He should come.") | |
| | adm | admirative (Albanian; expresses surprise, irony or doubt) | |
===== tense ===== | ===== tense ===== |
| |
| imp | imperfect | | | imp | imperfect | |
| perf | perfect | | | perf | perfect | |
| pro | prospective | | | prosp | prospective | |
| prog | progressive | | | prog | progressive | |
| | hab | habitual | |
| | iter | iterative, frequentative | |
| |
===== voice ===== | ===== voice ===== |
| rcp | reciprocal (Turkish "karıştı", "tutuştular") | | | rcp | reciprocal (Turkish "karıştı", "tutuştular") | |
| cau | causative (Turkish "karıştırıyor" ("is confusing")) | | | cau | causative (Turkish "karıştırıyor" ("is confusing")) | |
| | antip | antipassive | |
| | dir | direct | |
| | inv | inverse | |
| |
{{:user:zeman:treebanks:ttbankkl.pdf|Documentation}} of the METU Sabanci treebank classifies causative as voice (page 26). Note that this is a feature of verbs. There are languages that have also the causative case of nouns. | {{:user:zeman:treebanks:ttbankkl.pdf|Documentation}} of the METU Sabanci treebank classifies causative as voice (page 26). Note that this is a feature of verbs. There are languages that have also the causative case of nouns. |
| |
| ===== evident ===== |
| |
| | **Value** | **Description** | |
| | fh | firsthand | |
| | nfh | nonfirsthand | |
===== abbr ===== | ===== abbr ===== |
| |
| |
| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | |
| abbr | abbreviation | | | yes | abbreviation | |
| |
===== hyph ===== | ===== hyph ===== |
| |
| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | |
| hyph | hyphenated prefix ("anglo-" in "anglo-saxon") | | | yes | hyphenated prefix ("anglo-" in "anglo-saxon") | |
| |
===== echo ===== | ===== echo ===== |
| |
| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | |
| typo | typo, bad spelling, error | | | yes | typo, bad spelling, error | |
| |
===== variant ===== | ===== variant ===== |