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user:zeman:interset:features [2016/05/02 10:59] zeman Emphatic pronoun. |
user:zeman:interset:features [2017/01/16 13:19] zeman Politeness. |
| exc | Exclamative pronoun / determiner, expresses the speaker's surprise towards the modified noun, e.g. "what" in "What a surprise!" In many languages, exclamative determiners are recruited from the set of interrogative determiners. Therefore, not all tagsets distinguish them. For instance, they are distinguished in Spanish (es::conll2009), Catalan (ca::conll2009) and Persian (fa::conll). | | | exc | Exclamative pronoun / determiner, expresses the speaker's surprise towards the modified noun, e.g. "what" in "What a surprise!" In many languages, exclamative determiners are recruited from the set of interrogative determiners. Therefore, not all tagsets distinguish them. For instance, they are distinguished in Spanish (es::conll2009), Catalan (ca::conll2009) and Persian (fa::conll). | |
| dem | Demonstrative pronoun / determiner / adverb ("this", "that"). Being a demonstrative pronoun is not the same as being definite (definiteness=def), although the two feature-values are similar. | | | dem | Demonstrative pronoun / determiner / adverb ("this", "that"). Being a demonstrative pronoun is not the same as being definite (definiteness=def), although the two feature-values are similar. | |
| emp | Emphatic pronoun / determiner. There are similarities with reflexive and demonstrative pronouns/determiners. Example: "himself" as in "He himself did it." Czech "sám", Romanian "însuși". | | | emp | Emphatic pronoun / determiner. There are similarities with reflexive and demonstrative pronouns / determiners. Example: "himself" as in "He himself did it." Czech "sám", Romanian "însuși". | |
| neg | Negative pronoun / determiner / adverb ("nobody, nothing, none"). This is not the same as the negativeness feature. Unlike e.g. negative and positive adjectives or verbs, negative pronouns are not complements of some "positive" pronouns. Instead, they usually correspond to zero, nothing. | | | neg | Negative pronoun / determiner / adverb ("nobody, nothing, none"). This is not the same as the negativeness feature. Unlike e.g. negative and positive adjectives or verbs, negative pronouns are not complements of some "positive" pronouns. Instead, they usually correspond to zero, nothing. | |
| ind | Indefinite pronoun / determiner / adverb ("somebody", "something", "anybody", "anything"). Being an indefinite pronoun is not the same as being morphologically indefinite (definiteness=ind). For instance, in Bulgarian there are morphologically definite lexically indefinite pronouns ("едната", "едното", "едните", "нещата"). In some languages, we could subclassify the indefinite pronouns into "few" ("málokdo"), "ind" ("někdo"), "mny" ("leckdo"), "any" ("kdokoli" - anybody you pick but you pick only one, not all at once; this is the difference from the totality pronouns) | | | ind | Indefinite pronoun / determiner / adverb ("somebody", "something", "anybody", "anything"). Being an indefinite pronoun is not the same as being morphologically indefinite (definiteness=ind). For instance, in Bulgarian there are morphologically definite lexically indefinite pronouns ("едната", "едното", "едните", "нещата"). In some languages, we could subclassify the indefinite pronouns into "few" ("málokdo"), "ind" ("někdo"), "mny" ("leckdo"), "any" ("kdokoli" - anybody you pick but you pick only one, not all at once; this is the difference from the totality pronouns) | |
| neut | neuter | | | neut | neuter | |
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===== animateness ===== | ===== animacy ===== |
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| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | |
| anim | animate | | | anim | animate | |
| nhum | animate but not human | | |
| inan | inanimate | | | inan | inanimate | |
| | hum | human | |
| | nhum | not human | |
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The distinction of human vs. nonhuman occurs in Polish grammar, e.g. the word "który" (which): | Some languages distinguish only animate vs. inanimate, where the animate category includes humans, animals, fictious characters and sometimes also personified things. Some languages distinguish human vs. nonhuman, i.e. animals fall into the latter category. Some languages, e.g. Polish (see below) have a three-value system: human vs. animate non-human vs. inanimate. In that case we use the ''nhum'' value to denote the non-human animates, i.e. it excludes inanimates (while in hum-nhum systems, the ''nhum'' label includes inanimates). |
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| The Polish word "który" (which) is an example of three-value animacy: |
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| gender | sg-nom | sg-gen | sg-dat | sg-acc | sg-ins | sg-loc | pl-nom | pl-gen | pl-dat | pl-acc | pl-ins | pl-loc | | | gender | sg-nom | sg-gen | sg-dat | sg-acc | sg-ins | sg-loc | pl-nom | pl-gen | pl-dat | pl-acc | pl-ins | pl-loc | |
| abs | absolute superlative | | | abs | absolute superlative | |
| dim | diminutive (used for nouns e.g. in Dutch: "stoeltje", "huisje", "nippertje") | | | dim | diminutive (used for nouns e.g. in Dutch: "stoeltje", "huisje", "nippertje") | |
| | aug | augmentative (for nouns, opposite of diminutive; both dim and aug are used in the Freeling tagset of Portuguese | |
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===== person ===== | ===== person ===== |
| 3 | third (his, her, its, their) | | | 3 | third (his, her, its, their) | |
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===== politeness ===== | ===== polite ===== |
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| **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | |
| inf | informal (Czech "ty/vy", German "du/ihr", Spanish "tú/vosotros") | | | infm | informal (Czech "ty/vy", German "du/ihr", Spanish "tú/vosotros") | |
| pol | polite (Czech "vy", German "Sie", Spanish "usted") | | | form | formal / polite (Czech "vy", German "Sie", Spanish "usted") | |
| | elev | elevated status of referent/addressee, subtype of ''form'' | |
| | humb | humbled status of speaker, subtype of ''form'' | |
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===== (abs|erg|dat)(person|number|politeness|gender) ===== | ===== (abs|erg|dat)(person|number|politeness|gender) ===== |