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user:zeman:interset:features [2016/05/02 11:00]
zeman |
user:zeman:interset:features [2017/01/16 13:41]
zeman The values foreign=fscript and foreign=tscript have been removed. |
| | reflex | reflexive | | | reflex | reflexive | |
| |
| ===== negativeness ===== | ===== polarity ===== |
| |
| | **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | |
| | neg | negative | | | neg | negative | |
| |
| ===== definiteness ===== | ===== definite ===== |
| |
| See also the ''prontype'' feature. | See also the ''prontype'' feature. |
| | ind | indefinite | | | ind | indefinite | |
| | def | definite | | | def | definite | |
| | red | reduced: used in [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_constructus|construct state]] in Arabic. If two nouns are in genitive relation, the first one (the "nomen regens") has "reduced definiteness," the second is the genitive and can be either definite or indefinite. Reduced form has neither the definite morpheme (article), nor the indefinite morpheme (nunation). For instance: indefinite state: حلوَةٌ //ḥulwatun// “a sweet”; definite state: الحلوَةُ //al-ḥulwatu// “the sweet”; حلوَةُ //ḥulwatu// “sweet of”. | | | cons | reduced: used in [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_constructus|construct state]] in Arabic. If two nouns are in genitive relation, the first one (the "nomen regens") has "reduced definiteness," the second is the genitive and can be either definite or indefinite. Reduced form has neither the definite morpheme (article), nor the indefinite morpheme (nunation). For instance: indefinite state: حلوَةٌ //ḥulwatun// “a sweet”; definite state: الحلوَةُ //al-ḥulwatu// “the sweet”; حلوَةُ //ḥulwatu// “sweet of”. | |
| | com | complex: used in [[http://books.google.cz/books?id=rs3hzfgj3hoC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&dq=arabic+improper+annexation&source=bl&ots=d6gGCpprOX&sig=3G6YkRZsIy_EL0OCEh7_V7qqnlE&hl=cs&ei=ZasDTuLhGc_vsgaLlcyeDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=arabic%20improper%20annexation&f=false|improper annexation]] in Arabic. The genitive construction described above normally consists of two nouns (first reduced, second genitive). That is called proper annexation or iḍāfa. If the first member is an adjective or adjectivally used participle and the second member is a definite noun, the construction is called improper annexation or false iḍāfa. The result is a compound adjective that is usually used as an attributive adjunct and thus must agree in definiteness with the noun it modifies. Its first part (the adjective or participle) may get again the definite article. Although it may look the same as the form for the definite state, it is assigned a special value of //complex// state to reflect the different origin. See also [[http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/padt/PADT_1.0/docs/papers/2004-nemlar-padt.pdf|Hajič et al.]] page 3. For instance: مُخْتَلِفٌ //muxtalifun// “different/various” (active participle, Form VIII); نَوْعٌ ج أنْوَاعٌ //nawˀun ja anwāˀun// “kind”; مُخْتَلِفُ الأنْوَاعِ //muxtalifu al-anwāˀi// “of various kinds” (false iḍāfa); مَشَاكِلُ مُخْتَلِفَةُ الأنْوَاعِ //mašākilu muxtalifatu al-anwāˀi// “problems of various kinds”; اَلْمَشَاكِلُ الْمُخْتَلِفَةُ الأنْوَاعِ //al-mašākilu al-muxtalifatu al-anwāˀi// “the problems of various kinds”. | | | com | complex: used in [[http://books.google.cz/books?id=rs3hzfgj3hoC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&dq=arabic+improper+annexation&source=bl&ots=d6gGCpprOX&sig=3G6YkRZsIy_EL0OCEh7_V7qqnlE&hl=cs&ei=ZasDTuLhGc_vsgaLlcyeDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=arabic%20improper%20annexation&f=false|improper annexation]] in Arabic. The genitive construction described above normally consists of two nouns (first reduced, second genitive). That is called proper annexation or iḍāfa. If the first member is an adjective or adjectivally used participle and the second member is a definite noun, the construction is called improper annexation or false iḍāfa. The result is a compound adjective that is usually used as an attributive adjunct and thus must agree in definiteness with the noun it modifies. Its first part (the adjective or participle) may get again the definite article. Although it may look the same as the form for the definite state, it is assigned a special value of //complex// state to reflect the different origin. See also [[http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/padt/PADT_1.0/docs/papers/2004-nemlar-padt.pdf|Hajič et al.]] page 3. For instance: مُخْتَلِفٌ //muxtalifun// “different/various” (active participle, Form VIII); نَوْعٌ ج أنْوَاعٌ //nawˀun ja anwāˀun// “kind”; مُخْتَلِفُ الأنْوَاعِ //muxtalifu al-anwāˀi// “of various kinds” (false iḍāfa); مَشَاكِلُ مُخْتَلِفَةُ الأنْوَاعِ //mašākilu muxtalifatu al-anwāˀi// “problems of various kinds”; اَلْمَشَاكِلُ الْمُخْتَلِفَةُ الأنْوَاعِ //al-mašākilu al-muxtalifatu al-anwāˀi// “the problems of various kinds”. | |
| |
| | **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | |
| | foreign | foreign word (not a loan word but a citation in a foreign language — e.g., the title of a foreign book) | | | foreign | foreign word (not a loan word but a citation in a foreign language — e.g., the title of a foreign book) | |
| | fscript | foreign word written in a foreign script, e.g. "सगरमाथा" in English text | | |
| | tscript | foreign word transcribed from a foreign script, e.g. "Sagaramāthā" in English text | | |
| |
| ===== gender ===== | ===== gender ===== |
| | neut | neuter | | | neut | neuter | |
| |
| ===== animateness ===== | ===== animacy ===== |
| |
| | **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | |
| | anim | animate | | | anim | animate | |
| | nhum | animate but not human | | |
| | inan | inanimate | | | inan | inanimate | |
| | | hum | human | |
| | | nhum | not human | |
| |
| The distinction of human vs. nonhuman occurs in Polish grammar, e.g. the word "który" (which): | Some languages distinguish only animate vs. inanimate, where the animate category includes humans, animals, fictious characters and sometimes also personified things. Some languages distinguish human vs. nonhuman, i.e. animals fall into the latter category. Some languages, e.g. Polish (see below) have a three-value system: human vs. animate non-human vs. inanimate. In that case we use the ''nhum'' value to denote the non-human animates, i.e. it excludes inanimates (while in hum-nhum systems, the ''nhum'' label includes inanimates). |
| | |
| | The Polish word "który" (which) is an example of three-value animacy: |
| |
| | gender | sg-nom | sg-gen | sg-dat | sg-acc | sg-ins | sg-loc | pl-nom | pl-gen | pl-dat | pl-acc | pl-ins | pl-loc | | | gender | sg-nom | sg-gen | sg-dat | sg-acc | sg-ins | sg-loc | pl-nom | pl-gen | pl-dat | pl-acc | pl-ins | pl-loc | |
| | abs | absolute superlative | | | abs | absolute superlative | |
| | dim | diminutive (used for nouns e.g. in Dutch: "stoeltje", "huisje", "nippertje") | | | dim | diminutive (used for nouns e.g. in Dutch: "stoeltje", "huisje", "nippertje") | |
| | | aug | augmentative (for nouns, opposite of diminutive; both dim and aug are used in the Freeling tagset of Portuguese | |
| |
| ===== person ===== | ===== person ===== |
| | 3 | third (his, her, its, their) | | | 3 | third (his, her, its, their) | |
| |
| ===== politeness ===== | ===== polite ===== |
| |
| | **Value** | **Description** | | | **Value** | **Description** | |
| | inf | informal (Czech "ty/vy", German "du/ihr", Spanish "tú/vosotros") | | | infm | informal (Czech "ty/vy", German "du/ihr", Spanish "tú/vosotros") | |
| | pol | polite (Czech "vy", German "Sie", Spanish "usted") | | | form | formal / polite (Czech "vy", German "Sie", Spanish "usted") | |
| | | elev | elevated status of referent/addressee, subtype of ''form'' | |
| | | humb | humbled status of speaker, subtype of ''form'' | |
| |
| ===== (abs|erg|dat)(person|number|politeness|gender) ===== | ===== (abs|erg|dat)(person|number|polite|gender) ===== |
| |
| In quite a few languages, finite verb forms agree in person and number with the subject. In Basque, a subset of verbs agree with up to three arguments: one in the absolutive case, one in ergative and one in dative. To distinguish the different values of person, number (and politeness and rarely even gender), there are special features for each of the three arguments. Their names contain the three-letter code of the case of the argument: ''absperson'', ''absnumber'', ''ergperson'', ''ergnumber'' etc. The value range is identical to the base features. That is, ''absnumber'', ''ergnumber'' and ''datnumber'' may get the same values as ''number''. | In quite a few languages, finite verb forms agree in person and number with the subject. In Basque, a subset of verbs agree with up to three arguments: one in the absolutive case, one in ergative and one in dative. To distinguish the different values of person, number (and politeness and rarely even gender), there are special features for each of the three arguments. Their names contain the three-letter code of the case of the argument: ''absperson'', ''absnumber'', ''ergperson'', ''ergnumber'' etc. The value range is identical to the base features. That is, ''absnumber'', ''ergnumber'' and ''datnumber'' may get the same values as ''number''. |
| | sup | supine (with motion verbs: "go do something"; infinitive used in languages where there is no supine) | | | sup | supine (with motion verbs: "go do something"; infinitive used in languages where there is no supine) | |
| | part | participle (present ("doing"), past ("done"), passive (Czech "udělán" distinguished from adjective "udělaný" by variant=short)), gerundive | | | part | participle (present ("doing"), past ("done"), passive (Czech "udělán" distinguished from adjective "udělaný" by variant=short)), gerundive | |
| | trans | transgressive, adverbial participle (modifies other verbs, behaves like adverb; Czech present "dělaje", past "udělav") | | | conv | converb, transgressive, adverbial participle (modifies other verbs, behaves like adverb; Czech present "dělaje", past "udělav"; some authors also call it gerund!) | |
| | ger | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund|gerund]] ([[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_noun|verbal noun]]). Latin //gerundium:// "amare" => genitive "amandi", dative "amando", accusative "(ad) amandum", ablative "amando". | | | ger | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund|gerund]] ([[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_noun|verbal noun]]). Latin //gerundium:// "amare" => genitive "amandi", dative "amando", accusative "(ad) amandum", ablative "amando". | |
| | gdv | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerundive|gerundive]] ([[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributive_verb|verbal adjective]]). Latin //gerundivum:// "portāre" => "portandus, portanda, portandum" | | | gdv | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerundive|gerundive]] ([[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributive_verb|verbal adjective]]). Latin //gerundivum:// "portāre" => "portandus, portanda, portandum" | |
