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--- user:zeman:interset:features [2008/03/29 18:44]
zeman Norm renamed to pos.
+++ user:zeman:interset:features [2021/03/01 08:37] (current)
zeman [variant]
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-====== Interset Features and Values ======
+====== DZ Interset Features and Values ======
 ===== pos =====
-Part of speech.
+Part of speech. Pronouns, determiners, predeterminers and articles are roofed by nouns and adjectives, and distinguished by values of other features. The ''num'' value is intended for cardinal numbers (''numtype = card''). Other types of numerals are roofed by syntactically defined parts of speech (adjectives or adverbs) and distinguished by values of ''numtype''.
 | **Value** | **Description** |
 | noun | noun |
 | adj | adjective |
-| det | determiner |
+| num | numeral (cardinal number) |
-| pron | pronoun |
-| num | numeral, number	|
 | verb | verb |
 | adv | adverb |
-| prep | preposition, postposition or circumposition (together also: adposition) |
+| adp | adposition (preposition, postposition or circumposition) |
-| inf | infinitive mark: English "to," Danish "at," Swedish "att." Sometimes tagged as particle, sometimes as conjunction, sometimes has its own tag. |
 | conj | conjunction |
 | part | particle |
 | int | interjection |
 | punc | punctuation |
+| sym | symbol |
-===== subpos =====
+The difference between punctuation and symbols is that punctuation delimits parts of the sentence while symbols can be substituted for a word. For example, //$// is not a punctuation, it is another form of writing the noun //dollar.// See also [[http://universaldependencies.github.io/docs/u/pos/SYM.html|the definition of SYM]] for the Universal Dependencies.
-Detailed part of speech.
+===== nountype =====
-| **Value** | **Main pos** | **Description** |
+| **Value** | **Description** |
-| prop | noun | proper noun ("George", "Bush", "Paris") |
+| com | common noun ("man", "dog", "house", "idea") |
-| class | noun | classifier (measure word) between number and counted noun, e.g. Chinese "個 gè" |
+| prop | proper noun ("George", "Bush", "Paris") |
-| pdt | adj | predeterminer (adjectival word that can stand before an article, such as "all" in "all the flowers") |
+| class | classifier (measure word) between number and counted noun, e.g. Chinese "個 gè" |
-| det | adj | determiner: article (English "a", "an", "the", German "der", "die", "das") and words replacing articles (English "this" would be considered demonstrative pronoun in some corpora) |
-| pers | pron | personal pronoun |
-| clit | pron | clitic personal pronoun (Czech "mě", "ti", "mu", "se", "si"…) |
-| recip | pron | reciprocal pronoun (Danish "hinanden") |
-| digit | num | number written using digits |
-| roman | num | number written using Roman numerals ("XIV") |
-| card | num | cardinal number |
-| ord | num | ordinal number |
-| mult | num | multiplier number ("five times") |
-| frac | num | fraction ("one fifth") |
-| aux | verb, part | auxiliary verb used to construct complex verb forms (Czech "být", English "have", "will") |
-| mod | verb | modal verb (German "dürfen", "können", "mögen", "müssen", "sollen", "wollen", "wissen"; Czech "muset", "mít", "moci", "smět", "umět", "chtít"; English "must", "can", "shall"); note that adverbs and particles have their own ''mod'' subpos |
-| verbconj | verb | finite verb with the enclitic "-ť" (Czech "neboť" = "because") |
-| man | adv | adverb of manner |
-| loc | adv | adverb of location |
-| tim | adv | adverb of time |
-| deg | adv | adverb of quantity or degree |
-| cau | adv | adverb of cause ("why") |
-| mod | adv, part | modal particle (Bulgarian "май" = "possibly", "нека" = "let"; Czech "ať", "kéž", "nechť") or adverb of modal nature (Bulgarian "апропо"); note that verbs have their own ''mod'' subpos |
-| ex | adv | existential "there" in English |
-| voc | prep | vocalized preposition (Czech "ve" as opposed to base form "v") |
-| post | prep | postposition (German "entlang" in "der Strasse entlang") |
-| circ | prep | circumposition (German "von ... an" in "von dieser Stelle an") |
-| preppron | prep | preposition and pronoun in one word (Czech "proň" = "pro něj", "nač" = "na co") |
-| comprep | prep | first part of compound preposition (Czech "nehledě na", "vzhledem k") |
-| coor | conj | coordinating conjunction |
-| sub | conj | subordinating conjunction |
-| comp | conj | comparing conjunction (German "wie", "als") |
-| emp | part | particle of emphasis (Bulgarian "даже" = "even") |
-| res | part | particle of response ("yes", "no") |
-| inf | part | infinitive marker (English "to", German "zu", Danish "at", Swedish "att"). Sometimes tagged as particle, sometimes as conjunction, sometimes has its own part of speech. |
-| vbp | part | separated verb prefix (German "vor" in "stellen Sie sich vor"); analogical verbal particles in English? |
-| sent | punc | artificial sentence root node, beginning of sentence |
-===== prontype =====
+===== nametype =====
-This is a new (September 2007) feature applied first to the Bulgarian CoNLL tag set. It takes over the pronoun classification that has been so far kept in the definiteness feature. See the [[brainstorming]] section for further details on lexical and morphological definiteness.
+Semantic classification of named entities and terms.
-Although it reads as "pronoun type" (and we use the word "pronoun" for simplicity), it is also applied to words that are usually not considered pronouns, such as interrogative/indefinite adverbs (where, there, when, then, how, why).
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| geo | geographical name ("Praha", "Ústí nad Labem") |
+| prs | personal name (no first/last distinction available) |
+| giv | given (first) name ("Petr", "John") |
+| sur | surname (last name) ("Dvořák", "Zelený", "Agassi", "Bush") |
+| nat | nationality ("Čech", "Kolumbijec") or a name of an inhabitant of certain location ("Pražan") |
+| com | company ("Tatra" (the company)) |
+| pro | product ("Tatra" (the car)) |
+| oth | other named entity, e.g.: mines, stadiums, guerilla bases etc. Also used for functional words in names. |
+| col | color indication |
+| sci | term from natural sciences |
+| che | chemical term |
+| med | medical term |
+| tec | general technical term |
+| cel | term from computers and electronics |
+| gov | term from politics, government, military |
+| jus | term from justice |
+| fin | financial or economic term |
+| env | term from ecology, environment |
+| cul | term from culture, education, arts, humanities |
+| spo | term from sports |
+| hob | term from hobby, leisure, traveling |
+===== adjtype =====
+A deprecated feature. The only value that has not yet been moved elsewhere is ''pdt''.
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| | Empty value means that this is not a pronoun but a real noun, adjective, adverb etc. This will be more useful once we completely remove the pronoun part of speech, distribute the pronouns to other syntactically similar parts of speech and set their prontype. |
+| pdt | predeterminer (it is a special form of determiner; it is an adjectival word that can stand before an article, such as "all" in "all the flowers") |
-| prs | Personal or possessive pronoun. Possessives are recognizable by the value of their poss feature. |
+===== prontype =====
+Although it reads as "pronoun type" (and we use the word "pronoun" for simplicity), it is also applied to words that are usually not considered pronouns, such as determiners, interrogative/indefinite adverbs (where, there, when, then, how, why) etc.
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| | Empty value means that this is not a pronoun but a real noun, adjective, adverb etc. |
+| prn | The word is pronominal (or determiner) but we do not know the exact type. |
+| prs | Personal or possessive pronoun. Possessives are recognizable by the value of their poss feature. Reflexive pronouns are distinguished from normal personal/possessive pronouns by the value of their reflex feature. |
 | rcp | Reciprocal pronoun (German "einander", Danish "hinanden"). Similar to personal pronouns but occurs as special case in object position. |
-| int | Interrogative pronoun ("who", "what", "which"). |
+| art | Article, i.e. determiner bearing only the feature of definiteness or indefinitess and nothing more (English "a", "an", "the", German "der", "die", "das", Portuguese "um", "uma", "o", "a", "os", "as"). |
-| rel | Relative pronoun. Many interrogative pronouns in many languages can also be used as relative pronouns. However, in some languages there are pronouns that fall in one of the categories but not both (Czech "jenž" is only relative; in Bulgarian, relatives are completely separated from interrogatives). For words that can be both interrogative and relative, "int" is the default value. |
+| int | Interrogative pronoun / determiner / adverb ("who", "what", "which"). |
-| dem | Demonstrative pronoun ("this", "that"). Being a demonstrative pronoun is not the same as being definite (definiteness=def), although the two feature-values are similar. |
+| rel | Relative pronoun / determiner / adverb. Many interrogative pronouns in many languages can also be used as relative pronouns. However, in some languages there are pronouns that fall in one of the categories but not both (Czech "jenž" is only relative; in Bulgarian, relatives are completely separated from interrogatives). For words that can be both interrogative and relative, "int" is the default value. |
-| neg | Negative pronoun ("nobody, nothing, none"). This is not the same as the negativeness feature. Unlike e.g. negative and positive adjectives or verbs, negative pronouns are not complements of some "positive" pronouns. Instead, they usually correspond to zero, nothing. |
+| exc | Exclamative pronoun / determiner, expresses the speaker's surprise towards the modified noun, e.g. "what" in "What a surprise!" In many languages, exclamative determiners are recruited from the set of interrogative determiners. Therefore, not all tagsets distinguish them. For instance, they are distinguished in Spanish (es::conll2009), Catalan (ca::conll2009) and Persian (fa::conll). |
-| ind | Indefinite pronoun ("somebody", "something", "anybody", "anything"). Being an indefinite pronoun is not the same as being morphologically indefinite (definiteness=ind). For instance, in Bulgarian there are morphologically definite lexically indefinite pronouns ("едната", "едното", "едните", "нещата"). In some languages, we could subclassify the indefinite pronouns into "few" ("málokdo"), "ind" ("někdo"), "mny" ("leckdo"), "any" ("kdokoli" - anybody you pick but you pick only one, not all at once; this is the difference from the totality pronouns) |
+| dem | Demonstrative pronoun / determiner / adverb ("this", "that"). Being a demonstrative pronoun is not the same as being definite (definiteness=def), although the two feature-values are similar. |
-| tot | Totality pronoun ("everybody", "everything") |
+| emp | Emphatic pronoun / determiner. There are similarities with reflexive and demonstrative pronouns / determiners. Example: "himself" as in "He himself did it." Czech "sám", Romanian "însuși". |
+| neg | Negative pronoun / determiner / adverb ("nobody, nothing, none"). This is not the same as the negativeness feature. Unlike e.g. negative and positive adjectives or verbs, negative pronouns are not complements of some "positive" pronouns. Instead, they usually correspond to zero, nothing. |
+| ind | Indefinite pronoun / determiner / adverb ("somebody", "something", "anybody", "anything"). Being an indefinite pronoun is not the same as being morphologically indefinite (definiteness=ind). For instance, in Bulgarian there are morphologically definite lexically indefinite pronouns ("едната", "едното", "едните", "нещата"). In some languages, we could subclassify the indefinite pronouns into "few" ("málokdo"), "ind" ("někdo"), "mny" ("leckdo"), "any" ("kdokoli" - anybody you pick but you pick only one, not all at once; this is the difference from the totality pronouns) |
+| tot | Total (universal) pronoun / determiner / adverb ("everybody", "everything") |
+===== numtype =====
+Subclasses of numerals. See also ''prontype'' (interrogative and indefinite numerals set it), ''numform'' and ''numvalue''.
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| card | cardinal number (includes Czech "čtvero", which is classified as generic numeral in Czech grammar) |
+| ord | ordinal number |
+| mult | multiplicative number (adjectival: "twofold", Czech "čtverý"; adverbial: "five times") |
+| frac | fraction ("one fifth") |
+| sets | number of sets of things, or of pluralia tantum (Czech "jedny", "čtvery") |
+| dist | distributive numeral (Hungarian "három-három" in "gyermekenként három-három ezer forinttal" = "three thousand forint per child") |
+| range | range of values, subtype of card ("two-five" = "two to five") |
+===== numform =====
+Is a number expressed by a word or by digits? Depending on tokenization and tagging scheme, this feature may be orthogonal to the distinction between cardinals and ordinals.
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| word | numeral word ("fourteen") |
+| digit | number written using digits ("14") |
+| roman | number written using Roman numerals ("XIV") |
+| combi | number written using digits and a suffix ("2009-ųjų") |
+===== numvalue =====
+Low-value numerals display special behavior in some languages (e.g. Czech). This feature helps distinguish them. See also [[#accommodability]].
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| 1 | numeric value 1 (Czech "jeden", "první") |
+| 2 | numeric value 2 (Czech "druhý", "dvojí", "dvojnásob", "dva", "nadvakrát", "oba", "obojí") |
+| 3 | numeric value 3 or 4 (Czech "čtvrtý", "čtyři", "potřetí", "tři", "třetí", "třikrát") |
+===== accommodability =====
+Note that this feature has not been approved so far, as it only occurs rarely in the old version of the Polish corpus, and it is not clear what exactly it encodes.
+In Polish, special behavior of numerals (cf. [[#numvalue]]) cannot be predicted from the value of the number. So unlike the tagset for Czech, Polish IPI PAN tagset (version 1 only; it disappeared from version 2) takes a different approach and encodes "accommodability". The key question is: Does the numeral agree in case with the counted noun, or does it govern the noun and force it to genitive plural?
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| congr | uzgadniająca (Polish "dwaj", "pięcioma") |
+| rec | rządząca (Polish "dwóch", "dwu", "pięciorgiem") |
+Příklady rec: trzech wileńskich i dwóch warszawskich; wyszło wielu znakomitych uczonych, pobierało dwunastu studentów, pięciu mych współpracowników; dziewięciu profesorów opowiedziało się
+Příklady congr: obaj byli indywidualnościami; wszyci trzej prowadzili; dwaj synowie: Czesław; obaj synowie studiowali; czterej profesorowie głosowali
+Řada výskytů číslovek nemá (ani v té verzi 1) vyznačenu ani jednu hodnotu, např.: o kilku artykułach, przedstawił trzy swoje dzieła, wystąpił z sześcioma prelekcjami, z których trzy zostały...
+===== verbtype =====
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| aux | auxiliary verb used to construct complex verb forms (Czech "být", English "have", "will") |
+| cop | copula verb (Czech "být") |
+| mod | modal verb (German "dürfen", "können", "mögen", "müssen", "sollen", "wollen", "wissen"; Czech "muset", "mít", "moci", "smět", "umět", "chtít"; English "must", "can", "shall"); note that adverbs and particles have their own ''mod'' subpos |
+| light | light (support) verb in verbo-nominal constructions (Japanese "suru") |
+| verbconj | finite verb with the enclitic "-ť" (Czech "neboť" = "because") |
+===== advtype =====
+Subclasses of adverbs. See also ''prontype'' (pronominal adverbs set it).
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| man | adverb of manner ("how") |
+| loc | adverb of location ("where") |
+| tim | adverb of time ("when") |
+| deg | adverb of quantity or degree ("how much") |
+| cau | adverb of cause ("why") |
+| mod | adverb of modal nature (Bulgarian "апропо", Czech "možno", "nutno", "radno", "třeba") |
+| sta | adverb of state (Czech "plno", "zima", "chyba", "škoda", "volno", "nanic") |
+| adadj | ad-adjective: special form in Finnish, derived from adjectives, used only to modify other adjectives (http://archives.conlang.info/pei/juenchen/phaelbhaduen.html) |
+| ex | existential "there" in English |
+===== adpostype =====
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| prep | preposition ("in", "on", "to", "from") |
+| post | postposition (German "entlang" in "der Strasse entlang") |
+| circ | circumposition (German "von ... an" in "von dieser Stelle an") |
+| voc | vocalized preposition (Czech "ve" as opposed to base form "v") |
+| preppron | preposition and pronoun in one word (Czech "proň" = "pro něj", "nač" = "na co") |
+| comprep | first part of compound preposition (Czech "nehledě na", "vzhledem k") |
+===== conjtype =====
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| coor | coordinating conjunction |
+| sub | subordinating conjunction |
+| comp | comparing conjunction (German "wie", "als") |
+| oper | mathematical operator (Czech "krát") |
+===== parttype =====
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| mod | modal particle (Bulgarian "май" = "possibly", "нека" = "let"; Czech "ať", "kéž", "nechť") |
+| emp | particle of emphasis (Bulgarian "даже" = "even") |
+| res | particle of response ("yes", "no") |
+| inf | infinitive marker (English "to", German "zu", Danish "at", Swedish "att"). Sometimes tagged as particle, sometimes as conjunction, sometimes has its own part of speech. |
+| vbp | separated verb prefix (German "vor" in "stellen Sie sich vor"); analogical verbal particles in English? |
 ===== punctype =====
@@ Line 93: / Line 193: @@
 | semi | semicolon |
 | dash | dash |
-| symb | symbol |
+| root | artificial sentence root node, beginning of sentence |
 ===== puncside =====
@@ Line 104: / Line 204: @@
 ===== synpos =====
+**WARNING!** This feature is deprecated. Most likely it will not be used in Interset version 2 drivers.
 Does the pronoun or numeral behave syntactically as a noun, adjective, or adverb?
@@ Line 112: / Line 214: @@
 | adv | adverbial (like an adverb) |
 | pred | predicative adjective |
+===== morphpos =====
+A word's morphological paradigm may behave like a different part of speech than the word is assigned to. For example, Slovak noun //vstupné// “admission (fee)” behaves syntactically as noun, is tagged as noun, but it originates from an adjective and retains adjectival paradigm. The ''paradigm'' feature of the sk::snk tagset maps to this Interset feature.
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| noun | nominal paradigm |
+| adj | adjectival paradigm |
+| pron | pronominal paradigm |
+| num | numeral paradigm |
+| adv | adverbial paradigm |
+| mix | mixed paradigm |
+| def | deficient paradigm (some declension forms are missing) |
 ===== poss =====
@@ Line 118: / Line 233: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| poss | possessive |
+| yes | possessive |
 ===== reflex =====
@@ Line 125: / Line 240: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| reflex | reflexive |
+| yes | reflexive |
-===== negativeness =====
+===== polarity =====
-Distinguishes also negative pronouns like "nothing."
 | **Value** | **Description** |
@@ Line 135: / Line 248: @@
 | neg | negative |
-===== definiteness =====
+===== definite =====
-Distinguishes also determinative ("this") and indefinite ("some") pronouns.
+See also the ''prontype'' feature.
+In Arabic, definiteness is also called the //state.//
+http://www.grammaticalfeatures.net/features/definiteness.html
+http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_constructus
+http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/padt/PADT_1.0/docs/papers/2004-nemlar-padt.pdf
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| col | collective: all, every |
 | ind | indefinite |
+| spec | specific indefinite ("a certain stick") |
 | def | definite |
-| red | reduced: used in [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_constructus|construct state]] in Arabic. If two nouns are in genitive relation, the first one has "reduced definiteness," the second is the genitive. |
+| cons | reduced: used in [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_constructus|construct state]] in Arabic. If two nouns are in genitive relation, the first one (the "nomen regens") has "reduced definiteness," the second is the genitive and can be either definite or indefinite. Reduced form has neither the definite morpheme (article), nor the indefinite morpheme (nunation). For instance: indefinite state: حلوَةٌ //ḥulwatun// “a sweet”; definite state: الحلوَةُ //al-ḥulwatu// “the sweet”; حلوَةُ //ḥulwatu// “sweet of”. |
-| wh | interrogative or relative (deprecated!) |
+| com | complex: used in [[http://books.google.cz/books?id=rs3hzfgj3hoC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&dq=arabic+improper+annexation&source=bl&ots=d6gGCpprOX&sig=3G6YkRZsIy_EL0OCEh7_V7qqnlE&hl=cs&ei=ZasDTuLhGc_vsgaLlcyeDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=arabic%20improper%20annexation&f=false|improper annexation]] in Arabic. The genitive construction described above normally consists of two nouns (first reduced, second genitive). That is called proper annexation or iḍāfa. If the first member is an adjective or adjectivally used participle and the second member is a definite noun, the construction is called improper annexation or false iḍāfa. The result is a compound adjective that is usually used as an attributive adjunct and thus must agree in definiteness with the noun it modifies. Its first part (the adjective or participle) may get again the definite article. Although it may look the same as the form for the definite state, it is assigned a special value of //complex// state to reflect the different origin. See also [[http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/padt/PADT_1.0/docs/papers/2004-nemlar-padt.pdf|Hajič et al.]] page 3. For instance: مُخْتَلِفٌ //muxtalifun// “different/various” (active participle, Form VIII); نَوْعٌ ج أنْوَاعٌ //nawˀun ja anwāˀun// “kind”; مُخْتَلِفُ الأنْوَاعِ //muxtalifu al-anwāˀi// “of various kinds” (false iḍāfa); مَشَاكِلُ مُخْتَلِفَةُ الأنْوَاعِ //mašākilu muxtalifatu al-anwāˀi// “problems of various kinds”; اَلْمَشَاكِلُ الْمُخْتَلِفَةُ الأنْوَاعِ //al-mašākilu al-muxtalifatu al-anwāˀi// “the problems of various kinds”. |
-| int | only interrogative |
-| rel | only relative |
-===== subjobj =====
+===== foreign =====
-Distinguishes subject and object forms of pronouns in, e.g., Swedish.
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| yes | foreign word (not a loan word but a citation in a foreign language — e.g., the title of a foreign book) |
-Value	Description
+===== gender =====
-subj	subject
-obj	object
-===== foreign =====
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| foreign | foreign word (not a loan word but a citation in a foreign language — e.g., the title of a foreign book) |
+| masc | masculine |
+| fem | feminine |
+| com | common, utrum |
+| neut | neuter |
-===== gender, possgender =====
+===== possgender =====
 Possgender is possessor's gender.
@@ Line 171: / Line 286: @@
 | neut | neuter |
-===== animateness =====
+===== animacy =====
 | **Value** | **Description** |
 | anim | animate |
 | inan | inanimate |
+| hum  | human |
+| nhum | not human |
-===== number, possnumber =====
+Some languages distinguish only animate vs. inanimate, where the animate category includes humans, animals, fictious characters and sometimes also personified things. Some languages distinguish human vs. nonhuman, i.e. animals fall into the latter category. Some languages, e.g. Polish (see below) have a three-value system: human vs. animate non-human vs. inanimate. In that case we use the ''nhum'' value to denote the non-human animates, i.e. it excludes inanimates (while in hum-nhum systems, the ''nhum'' label includes inanimates).
+The Polish word "który" (which) is an example of three-value animacy:
+| gender | sg-nom | sg-gen | sg-dat | sg-acc | sg-ins | sg-loc | pl-nom | pl-gen | pl-dat | pl-acc | pl-ins | pl-loc |
+| animate human | który | którego | któremu | którego | którym | którym | **którzy** | których | którym | **których** | którymi | których |
+| animate non-human | który | którego | któremu | którego | którym | którym | które | których | którym | które | którymi | których |
+| inanimate | który | którego | któremu | **który** | którym | którym | które | których | którym | które | którymi | których |
+===== number =====
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| sing | singular |
+| dual | dual |
+| tri  | trial |
+| pauc | paucal |
+| grpa | greater paucal |
+| plur | plural |
+| grpl | greater plural |
+| inv  | inverse |
+| ptan | plurale tantum |
+| coll | collective / mass / singulare tantum |
+| count | “counting form”, “count plural” or “quantitative plural” in Bulgarian and Macedonian (Sussex and Cubberley 2006, p. 324). It is a special plural form of nouns if they occur after numerals. (The form originates in the Proto-Slavic dual but it should not be marked as dual because 1. the dual vanished from Bulgarian and 2. the form is no longer semantically tied to the number two.) |
+//Pluralia tantum// is a special case of plural, occurring e.g. in Czech. It applies to words that do not have singular forms. They use grammatical plural regardless of semantic number. Czech example: //nůžky// "scissors": //Papír rozstříhejte nůžkami.// "Use scissors to cut the paper to pieces." (semantic singular) vs. //Koupil jsem si dvoje nůžky.// "I bought two pairs of scissors." (semantic plural)
+//Collective// or //mass// or //singularia tantum// is a special case of singular. It applies to words that use grammatical singular to describe sets of objects, i.e. semantic plural. Although in theory they might be able to form plural, in practice it would be rarely semantically plausible. Sometimes, the plural form exists and means "several sorts of". Czech example: //lidstvo// "mankind".
+===== possnumber =====
 Possnumber is possessor's number.
@@ Line 184: / Line 329: @@
 | sing | singular |
 | dual | dual |
-| plu | plural |
+| plur | plural |
-===== case =====
+It applies e.g. to possessive pronouns and it can be different from their grammatical number, which is governed by agreement with the modified (possessed) noun phrase. Czech example: //můj pes// "my dog" (grammatical singular, possessor singular), //mí psi// "my dogs" (grammatical plural, possessor singular), //náš pes// "our dog" (grammatical singular, possessor plural), //naši psi// "our dogs" (grammatical plural, possessor plural).
+===== possednumber =====
+Possednumber is the possessee's (possessed, owned noun phrase's) number.
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| nom | nominative |
+| sing | singular |
-| gen | genitive |
+| dual | dual |
-| dat | dative |
+| plur | plural |
-| acc | accusative or oblique |
-| voc | vocative |
-| loc | locative |
-| ins | instrumental |
+In Hungarian, possession can be marked on the possessor or on the possessed. It is possible, though rare, that a noun has three distinct number features: its own grammatical number, number of its possessor and number of its possession. Examples from the Multext-East Hungarian lexicon:
+  * könnyedén (SSS)
+    * könny = a tear (singular)
+    * könnyed = your tear (singular owner)
+    * könnyedé = (possession) of your tear (singular possession)
+    * könnyedén = (on the possession) of your tear (superessive case)
+  * ellenfeleié (PSS)
+    * ellenfél = an opponent (singular)
+    * ellenfele = his/her/its opponent (singular owner)
+    * ellenfelei = his/her/its opponents (core plural, singular owner)
+    * ellenfeleié = (possession) of his/her/its opponents (singular possession)
+  * életeké (SPS)
+    * él = point (singular)
+    * élek = points (plural)
+    * élén = his/her/its point (singular owner)
+    * élünk = our point (plural owner)
+    * életeké = (possession) of our point (singular possession)
+  * tárgyalópartnereinkét (PPS)
+    * tárgyalópartner = negotiator (singular)
+    * tárgyalópartnerei = his/her/its negotiators (plural, singular owner)
+    * tárgyalópartnereinkét = (possession) of our negotiators (plural, plural owner, singular possession, accusative case)
+Words marked for plural possessions are very rare, though. Note that in the following example from Multext-East, Columbus is marked for plural possession, but not for his own owner.
+  * Kolumbuszéinál
+    * Kolumbusz = Columbus (singular)
+    * Kolumbuszéi = (possessions) of Columbus (plural possession)
+    * Kolumbuszéinál = (at the possessions) of Columbus (adessive case)
+===== case =====
+| **Value** | **Description** | **Examples** |
+| nom | nominative | cs: dům, budova = a house, building |
+| gen | genitive | cs: domu, budovy = of a house; in Basque, this is possessive genitive (as opposed to locative genitive): diktadorearen erregimena = dictator's regime (diktadore = dictator) |
+| dat | dative | cs: domu, budově = to a house |
+| acc | accusative or oblique | cs: dům, budovu = a house |
+| voc | vocative | cs: dome, budovo = hey, you house! |
+| loc | locative | cs: v&nbsp;domě, budově = in a house; used also for locative genitive (as opposed to possessive genitive) in Basque: talde anarkistako = group of anarchists |
+| ins | instrumental / instructive | cs: domem, budovou = with/through/using/by a house. A semantically similar case called instructive is used rarely in Finnish to express “with (the aid of)”. It can be applied to infinitives that behave much like nouns in Finnish. We propose one label for both instrumental and instructive (instrumental is not defined in Finnish). Examples: [fi] lähteä “to leave”; 2003 lähtien “since 2003” (second infinitive in the instructive case); yllättää “to surprise”; sekaantui yllättäen valtataisteluun lit. was-involved-in by-surprise.Ins power-struggle.Ill. |
+| abl | ablative | hu: a barátomtól jövök = jdu od kamaráda fi: pöydältä = se stolu; katolta = se střechy; rannalta = z pláže |
+| par | partitive | Ve finštině vyjadřuje neznámou identitu a neukončené akce bez výsledku. Příklady užití: kolme taloa = tři domy (koncovka -a u talo); rakastan tätä taloa = mám rád tento dům; saanko lainata kirjaa? = můžu si půjčit tu knihu? (koncovka -a u kirja); lasissa on maitoa = ve sklenici je (nějaké) mléko; akuzativ: ammuin karhun = zastřelil jsem medvěda (a vím, že je mrtvý); partitiv: ammuin karhua = střelil jsem po medvědovi (a nevím ani, jestli jsem ho trefil); Akuzativ (v opozici k partitivu) taky může suplovat chybějící budoucí čas: akuzativ: luen kirjan = přečtu si tu knihu; partitiv: luen kirjaa = čtu knihu |
+| dis | distributive | Vyjadřuje, že se něco stalo každému prvku množiny, jednomu po druhém. Nebo vyjadřuje frekvenci v čase. hu: fejenként = na hlavu, esetenként = v některém případě, hetenként = jednou týdně, tízpercenként = každých deset minut |
+| ess | essive / prolative | Určuje dočasný stav, často odpovídá anglickému "as a ...". fi: lapsi = dítě, lapsena = jako dítě, když byl dítě ee: laps = dítě, lapse = dítěte (genitiv), lapsena = jako dítě. Similar case called prolative in Basque grammar: eu: erreformistatzat = as a reformer (erreformista = reformer) |
+| tra | translative / factive | Určuje změnu stavu ("stává se X", "mění se na X"). Také význam "v (jazyce)". Finština. pitkä = dlouhý, venyi pitkäksi = prodloužil se englanti = angličtina, englanniksi = v angličtině kello kuusi = šest hodin, kello kuudeksi = do šesti hodin ee: kell kuus = šest hodin, kella kuueks = do šesti hodin. In Szeged Treebank called factive. hu: Oroszlány halott várossá válhat. = lit. Oroszlány dead city/tra could-become. = Oroszlány could become a dead city. |
+| com | comitative / associative | Vyjadřuje "společně s". ee: koeraga = se psem (koer = pes) |
+| abe | abessive | Vyjadřuje "bez". fi: rahatta = bez peněz (raha = peníze) |
+| ine | inessive | hu: házban = v domě (ház = dům) fi: talossa = v domě (talo = dům) ee: majas = v domě (maja = dům) |
+| ela | elative | hu: házból = z domu fi: talosta = z domu ee: majast = z domu |
+| ill | illative | hu: házba = do domu fi: taloon = do domu ee: majasse / majja = do domu |
+| add | additive | Distinguished by some scholars in Estonian, not recognized by traditional grammar, exists in the Multext-East Estonian tagset and in the Eesti keele puudepank. Reportedly same or similar meaning as illative. Forms of this case exist only in singular and not for all nouns. |
+| ade | adessive | hu: asztalon = na stole (asztal = stůl) fi: pöydällä = na stole ee: laual = na stole (laud = stůl) |
+| all | allative | fi: pöydälle = na stůl (pöytä = stůl) |
+| sub | sublative | Used in Finno-Ugric languages to express the destination of movement, originally to the surface of something (e.g. climb a tree), and, by extension, in other figurative meanings as well (eg to university). hu: Belgrádtól 150 kilométerre délnyugatra = Belgrade/abl 150 kilometer/sub southwest/sub = 150 kilometers southwest of Belgrade. hu: hajóra = na loď (hajó = loď), bokorra = na keř |
+| sup | superessive | Used, chiefly [[http://www.hungarianreference.com/Nouns/-n-superessive.aspx|in Hungarian]], to indicate location on top of something or on the surface of something. hu: asztalon = on the table (asztal = table), könyveken = on books (könyvek = books) |
+| del | delative | Used, chiefly [[http://www.hungarianreference.com/Nouns/r%C3%B3l-rol-delative.aspx|in Hungarian]], to express the movement from the surface of something (like "moved off the table"). hu: az asztalról = off the table. Směr "z, od", ale používá se i v jiných významech (např. "o něčem"). hu: Budapestről vagyok = jsem, přicházím z Budapešti |
+| lat | lative | Denotes movement towards/to/into/onto something. Similar case in Basque is called directional allative (Spanish //adlativo direccional//). However, lative is typically thought of as a union of allative, illative and sublative, while in Basque it is derived from allative, which also exists independently. eu: beherantz = down (behe = low) |
+| per | perlative | Denotes movement along something. Used in Warlpiri: yurutu = road; yurutuwana = along the road. Andrews (pp. 161-164) in Shopen: Language Typology vol. 1 |
+| tem | temporal | Určuje čas. hu: hétkor = v sedm, éjfélkor = o půlnoci, karácsonykor = o Vánocích |
+| ter | terminative | Specifies where something ends in space or time. Similar case in Basque is called terminal allative (Spanish //adlativo terminal//). ee: jõeni = down to the river; ee: kella kuueni = till six o'clock; hu: a házig = up to the house; hu: hat óráig = till six o'clock; eu: erdiraino = up to the half (erdi = half) |
+| abs | absolutive | Subject of intransitive verb, direct object of transitive verb. |
+| erg | ergative | Subject of transitive verb. |
+| cau | causative / motivative | Noun in this case is the cause of something. hu: Hálás leszekérte. eu: jokaeragatik = because of behavior (jokaera = behavior) |
+| ben | benefactive / destinative | Corresponds to the preposition "for". eu: mutilarentzat = for boys (mutil = boy) |
+| cns | considerative | Denotes something that is given in exchange for something else. Used in Warlpiri: miyi = food; miyiwanawana = in exchange for food. Andrews (pp. 161-164) in Shopen: Language Typology vol. 1 |
+| equ | equative | “X-like”, “similar to X”, “same as X”. It marks the standard of comparison and it differs from the equative degree, which marks the property being compared. tr: bence = like me (ben = I) |
+| cmp | comparative | “than X”. It marks the standard of comparison and it differs from the comparative degree, which marks the property being compared. It occurs in Dravidian and Northeast-Caucasian languages. |
+  * Fine grained locative cases (Uralic languages)
+| | **Where** | **Where to** | **Where from** |
+| **Inside of** | inessive | illative | elative |
+| **Surface of** | adessive | allative | ablative |
+| **Surface of** | superessive | sublative | delative |
+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_grammatical_cases
+http://www.hungarianreference.com/Nouns/-n-superessive.aspx
+Ten příklad s knihou u partitivu máš blbě, ne? "Saanko lainata kirjaa?" je "Můžu si půjčit knihu?", "tu knihu" by bylo "kirjan", ne?  --- //[[stepanek@ufal.mff.cuni.cz|stepanek]] 30.10.2009 12:45//
+Copak já vím? Finsky neumím. Je to převzaté z anglické Wikipedie.  --- //[[zeman@ufal.mff.cuni.cz|zeman]] 31.10.2009 16:29//
+===== prepcase =====
+Personal pronouns in some languages have different forms depending on whether they are objects of prepositions or not. For instance, Czech "on" (he) without prepositions has the forms jemu/DAT, jeho/ACC, jím/INS, while with a preposition it is němu/DAT, něho/ACC, ním/INS. Similarly, Portuguese pronouns in prepositional oblique case take forms different from oblique pronouns serving as direct objects of verbs: eu/NOM (I), me/ACC (give me that), mim/PREP-ACC (come to me).
+Default empty value means that the word form is neutral w.r.t. a prepositional head.
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| npr | this form must not be used after a preposition (Czech "jemu") |
+| pre | this form must be used after a preposition (Czech "němu") |
-===== compdeg =====
+===== degree =====
 Degree of comparison.
@@ Line 204: / Line 439: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
 | pos | positive, first degree (note that although this degree is traditionally called "positive", negative properties can be compared, too) |
-| comp | comparative, second degree |
+| cmp | comparative, second degree |
 | sup | superlative, third degree |
 | abs | absolute superlative |
+| equ | equative ("same quality as the other object") |
+| dim | diminutive (used for nouns e.g. in Dutch: "stoeltje", "huisje", "nippertje") |
+| aug | augmentative (for nouns, opposite of diminutive; both dim and aug are used in the Freeling tagset of Portuguese |
 ===== person =====
 | **Value** | **Description** |
+| 0 | zero / impersonal construction |
 | 1 | first (I, we) |
 | 2 | second (you) |
 | 3 | third (he, she, it, they) |
+| 4 | fourth (i.e. another third person, morphologically distinguished from the main third person) |
-===== politeness =====
+Note that this feature is used also for possessive pronouns, where it means the person of the possessor. E.g. "my" has person=1, "your" has person=2, "their" has person=3.
+===== possperson =====
+Possperson is possessor's person, marked e.g. in Hungarian. Don't use it for possessive pronouns (use [[https://wiki.ufal.ms.mff.cuni.cz/user:zeman:interset:features#person|person]] instead).
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| inf | informal (Czech "ty/vy", German "du/ihr", Spanish "tú/vosotros") |
+| 1 | first (my, our) |
-| pol | polite (Czech "vy", German "Sie", Spanish "usted") |
+| 2 | second (your) |
+| 3 | third (his, her, its, their) |
+===== clusivity =====
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| in | inclusive we = I + you (+ optionally they) (Indonesian "kita") |
+| ex | exclusive we = I + they (excluding you) (Indonesian "kami") |
+===== polite =====
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| infm | informal (Czech "ty/vy", German "du/ihr", Spanish "tú/vosotros") |
+| form | formal / polite (Czech "vy", German "Sie", Spanish "usted") |
+| elev | elevated status of referent/addressee, subtype of ''form'' |
+| humb | humbled status of speaker, subtype of ''form'' |
+===== (abs|erg|dat)(person|number|polite|gender) =====
+In quite a few languages, finite verb forms agree in person and number with the subject. In Basque, a subset of verbs agree with up to three arguments: one in the absolutive case, one in ergative and one in dative. To distinguish the different values of person, number (and politeness and rarely even gender), there are special features for each of the three arguments. Their names contain the three-letter code of the case of the argument: ''absperson'', ''absnumber'', ''ergperson'', ''ergnumber'' etc. The value range is identical to the base features. That is, ''absnumber'', ''ergnumber'' and ''datnumber'' may get the same values as ''number''.
+===== position =====
+Adjectives in some languages (e.g. in Dutch) have different forms depending on how and where they are used. The same may hold for determiners (including possessive pronouns), quantifiers, numerals and participles.
+Note: This feature has been introduced because of the ''nl::cgn'' tagset of Dutch. Similar features were previously observed in other tagsets (e.g. ''fa::conll'') and they could be now re-implemented using this new Interset feature. We may also consider using this feature to distinguish the nominal (short) and pronominal (long) forms of Czech adjectives, the adverbial forms of German adjectives etc. (these are currently distinguished using the ''variant'' feature).
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| prenom | modifies a following noun; Dutch "vrij" in "een vrije vogel" or "mooi" in "een mooi huis" |
+| postnom | modifies a preceding noun; Dutch "bevaarbaar" in "rivieren bevaarbaar in de winter" |
+| nom | adjective constituting a noun phrase, inflected as a noun; Dutch "rijken" in "de rijken" = "the rich" |
+| free | adjective used independently, i.e. not as a noun and not modifying a noun; a predicative or adverbial usage; Dutch "vrij" in "de vogels vrij laten rondvliegen" |
 ===== subcat =====
-There are tag sets (e.g. Bulgarian CoNLL) that classify verbs as intransitive or transitive. It turns out that a Bulgarian verb can have set both features type=aux && trans=t. That is why we cannot mix transitivity and auxiliarity in subpos.
+There are tag sets (e.g. Bulgarian CoNLL) that classify verbs as intransitive or transitive.
 | **Value** | **Description** |
@@ Line 237: / Line 511: @@
 | sup | supine (with motion verbs: "go do something"; infinitive used in languages where there is no supine) |
 | part | participle (present ("doing"), past ("done"), passive (Czech "udělán" distinguished from adjective "udělaný" by variant=short)), gerundive |
-| trans | transgressive, adverbial participle (modifies other verbs, behaves like adverb; Czech present "dělaje", past "udělav") |
+| conv | converb, transgressive, adverbial participle (modifies other verbs, behaves like adverb; Czech present "dělaje", past "udělav"; some authors also call it gerund!) |
-| ger | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund|gerund]] ([[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_noun|verbal noun]]) |
+| vnoun | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_noun|verbal noun]] |
+| ger | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund|gerund]]. Deprecated in cases which are traditionally called gerund but could be plausibly called verbal noun (see above). Latin //gerundium:// "amare" => genitive "amandi", dative "amando", accusative "(ad) amandum", ablative "amando". |
+| gdv | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerundive|gerundive]] ([[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributive_verb|verbal adjective]]). Latin //gerundivum:// "portāre" => "portandus, portanda, portandum" |
 ===== mood =====
@@ Line 245: / Line 521: @@
 | ind | indicative |
 | imp | imperative |
-| sub | subjunctive, conditional |
+| cnd | conditional |
+| pot | potential (Finnish: the action of the verb is likely but not certain) |
+| sub | subjunctive (conjunctive) (spojovací) |
 | jus | jussive (přací) |
+| prp | purposive (in order to) |
+| qot | quotative (Estonian: denotes direct speech) |
+| opt | optative (Turkish; "May you have a long life! If only I were rich!") |
+| des | desiderative (Turkish; "He wants to come.") |
+| nec | necessitative (Turkish; "He must come. He should come.") |
+| adm | admirative (Albanian; expresses surprise, irony or doubt) |
 ===== tense =====
+Note: In Interset 1.0, there were two separate features, ''tense'' and ''subtense'', the latter consisting of the values ''aor'', ''imp'', ''nar'' and ''pqp''. We used to avoid hierarchical feature values (e.g. ''aor''ist implies ''past''; but many languages will only know ''past'' and their drivers will not check for the ''aor'' value). Hierarchical ordering of feature values is now normal and there are algorithms to exploit the hierarchy when a feature has to be replaced by another value, thus these two features have been merged.
+Note that, unfortunately, imperfect tense is not always the same as past tense + imperfective aspect. For instance, in Bulgarian, there is lexical aspect, inherent in verb meaning, and grammatical aspect, which does not necessarily always match the lexical one. In main clauses, imperfective verbs can have imperfect tense and perfective verbs have perfect tense. However, both rules can be violated in embedded clauses. Aorist is aspect-neutral and can freely appear with both imperfective and perfective verbs.
 | **Value** | **Description** |
@@ Line 254: / Line 541: @@
 | pres | present |
 | fut | future |
-===== subtense =====
-Finer classification of tenses, may not be available in all languages. (And in many languages, these tenses are built using auxiliaries, rather than special morphemes.) Having these separated from the main past-present-future distinction allows that drivers need not check for aorist/imperfect, if they know just one past tense.
-Note that, unfortunately, imperfect tense is not always the same as past tense + imperfective aspect. For instance, in Bulgarian, there is lexical aspect, inherent in verb meaning, and grammatical aspect, which does not necessarily always match the lexical one. In main clauses, imperfective verbs can have imperfect tense and perfective verbs have perfect tense. However, both rules can be violated in embedded clauses. Aorist is aspect-neutral and can freely appear with both imperfective and perfective verbs.
-| **Value** | **Description** |
 | aor | aorist |
 | imp | imperfect |
+| pqp | pluperfect |
 ===== aspect =====
+See [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_aspect|Wikipedia]] for a list of possible aspects.
 | **Value** | **Description** |
 | imp | imperfect |
 | perf | perfect |
+| prosp | prospective |
+| prog | progressive |
+| hab | habitual |
+| iter | iterative, frequentative |
 ===== voice =====
@@ Line 275: / Line 561: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
 | act | active |
+| mid | middle (Ancient Greek; neither active nor passive but somewhere inbetween; they have also mediopassive, which can be expressed as "voice=mid<nowiki>|</nowiki>pass") |
 | pass | passive |
+| rcp | reciprocal (Turkish "karıştı", "tutuştular") |
+| cau | causative (Turkish "karıştırıyor" ("is confusing")) |
+| antip | antipassive |
+| dir | direct |
+| inv | inverse |
+{{:user:zeman:treebanks:ttbankkl.pdf|Documentation}} of the METU Sabanci treebank classifies causative as voice (page 26). Note that this is a feature of verbs. There are languages that have also the causative case of nouns.
+===== evident =====
+Evidentiality: what is the speaker's source of information?
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| fh | firsthand |
+| nfh | nonfirsthand |
 ===== abbr =====
@@ Line 282: / Line 583: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| abbr | abbreviation |
+| yes | abbreviation |
 ===== hyph =====
@@ Line 289: / Line 590: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| hyph | hyphenated prefix ("anglo-" in "anglo-saxon") |
+| yes | hyphenated prefix ("anglo-" in "anglo-saxon") |
+===== echo =====
+Is this a reduplicative or echo word? Such words occur in Hindi. In Hyderabad Dependency Treebank they get their own part-of-speech tags RDP and ECH, respectively. We do not want to treat them as separate parts of speech because they could be assigned a POS independent of their RDP or ECH status (same as the word that they echo). We may want to merge this feature in future with ''hyph'' into a new feature called ''compound''.
+| **Value** | **Meaning** | **Explanation** | **Examples** |
+| rdp | reduplicative | The word is a copy of a previous word. In Hindi, this would add the meaning of distribution ("one rupee each"), separation ("sit separately"), variety, diversity or just emphasis. | hi: "कभी - कभी" = "kabhī - kabhī" = "sometimes", "कभी" = "kabhī" = "sometimes"; "एक एक" = "eka eka" = "one each", "एक" = "eka" = "one" |
+| ech | echo | The word rhymes with a previous word but it is not identical to it and typically it does not have any meaning of its own. In Hindi it generalizes the meaning of the previous word and eventually translates as "or something", "etc." etc. | hi: "चाय वाय" = "čāya vāya" = "tea or something" (as in "Have some tea or something.") |
+For more details see Rupert Snell and Simon Weightman: //Teach Yourself Hindi,// Section 16.4 and 16.5, pages 210 – 211.
 ===== style =====
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| arch | archaic, obsolete, rare |
+| arch | archaic, obsolete |
+| rare | rare |
 | form | formal, literary |
+| poet | poetic |
 | norm | normal, neutral |
 | coll | colloquial |
+| vrnc | vernacular |
+| slng | slang |
+| expr | expressive, emotional |
+| derg | derogative |
+| vulg | vulgar |
+===== typo =====
+Indicates bad spelling, grammatical error etc. Does not say how the correct form looks like. Must be separated from the ''style'' feature because there can be typo in archaic as well as colloquial form.
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| yes | typo, bad spelling, error |
+===== strength =====
+Distinguishes between strong and weak forms of adjectives or pronouns. Used e.g. in Romanian UD. See also the ''variant'' feature. Some tagsets use ''variant=long'' instead of ''strength=strong'', and ''variant=short'' instead of ''strength=weak''. However, the ''strength'' feature has been tentatively added to Interset because it is slightly more specific and also because we want to be able to seamlessly read the features from the UD corpora that use it.
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| weak   | weak form    |
+| strong | strong form  |
 ===== variant =====
@@ Line 316: / Line 649: @@
 | 8 | variant form 8 |
 | 9 | variant form 9 |
+| a | variant form a (abbreviation in PDT-C) |
+| b | variant form b (abbreviation in PDT-C) |
+| c | variant form c (abbreviation in PDT-C) |
 ===== tagset, other =====
-The tagset feature identifies the source tag set driver. Value should be identical to the name of the driver that filled the feature values. Works together with the "other" feature.
+The tagset feature identifies the source tag set driver. Value should be identical to the name of the driver that filled the feature values. (The recommended format is same as in the ''use'' statement, without the ''tagset::'' prefix, e.g. ''"de::stts"''. Works together with the "other" feature.
 Feature "other"
 Any value or reference to array or hash is allowed. Serves to preserve information if the decoding driver happens to be the one who did the encoding. No other driver should expect anything meaningful here.
 Only information that cannot be stored in other features should be stored here.
-The apparently easiest approach — to store the complete original tag — would not work if the user needs to change feature values between decode() and encode().
+The apparently easiest approach — to store the complete original tag — will not work if the user needs to change feature values between decode() and encode().
+Note that the ''tagset'' feature may sometimes refer to a related but different driver. For instance, drivers ''cs::pmk'' and ''cs::pmkkr'' are related. The latter is a reduced version of the former and its implementation uses the code of the driver for ''cs::pmk''. Both drivers share their interpretation of the values of the ''other'' feature. They thus also use the same value of the ''tagset'' feature, namely ''cs::pmk''. Sharing this identifier helps one driver understand the ''other'' values set by the other driver. The derived driver has its own identifier, ''cs::pmkkr'', but this identifier is never mentioned in the feature structures. It would be more precise to say that the ''tagset'' feature identifies the language used in the feature structure, rather than the source tagset.

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