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--- user:zeman:interset:features [2014/06/24 18:10]
zeman Numerals.
+++ user:zeman:interset:features [2021/03/01 08:37] (current)
zeman [variant]
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 | part | particle |
 | int | interjection |
-| punc | punctuation or symbol |
+| punc | punctuation |
+| sym | symbol |
+The difference between punctuation and symbols is that punctuation delimits parts of the sentence while symbols can be substituted for a word. For example, //$// is not a punctuation, it is another form of writing the noun //dollar.// See also [[http://universaldependencies.github.io/docs/u/pos/SYM.html|the definition of SYM]] for the Universal Dependencies.
 ===== nountype =====
@@ Line 23: / Line 26: @@
 | prop | proper noun ("George", "Bush", "Paris") |
 | class | classifier (measure word) between number and counted noun, e.g. Chinese "個 gè" |
+===== nametype =====
+Semantic classification of named entities and terms.
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| geo | geographical name ("Praha", "Ústí nad Labem") |
+| prs | personal name (no first/last distinction available) |
+| giv | given (first) name ("Petr", "John") |
+| sur | surname (last name) ("Dvořák", "Zelený", "Agassi", "Bush") |
+| nat | nationality ("Čech", "Kolumbijec") or a name of an inhabitant of certain location ("Pražan") |
+| com | company ("Tatra" (the company)) |
+| pro | product ("Tatra" (the car)) |
+| oth | other named entity, e.g.: mines, stadiums, guerilla bases etc. Also used for functional words in names. |
+| col | color indication |
+| sci | term from natural sciences |
+| che | chemical term |
+| med | medical term |
+| tec | general technical term |
+| cel | term from computers and electronics |
+| gov | term from politics, government, military |
+| jus | term from justice |
+| fin | financial or economic term |
+| env | term from ecology, environment |
+| cul | term from culture, education, arts, humanities |
+| spo | term from sports |
+| hob | term from hobby, leisure, traveling |
 ===== adjtype =====
+A deprecated feature. The only value that has not yet been moved elsewhere is ''pdt''.
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| pdt | predeterminer (adjectival word that can stand before an article, such as "all" in "all the flowers") |
+| pdt | predeterminer (it is a special form of determiner; it is an adjectival word that can stand before an article, such as "all" in "all the flowers") |
-| det | determiner (function word modifying a noun phrase: English "this", "that"); regarded indefinite/demonstrative pronoun in some tagsets; includes articles (see below) in some tagsets |
-| art | article, i.e. determiner bearing only the feature of definiteness or indefinitess and nothing more (English "a", "an", "the", German "der", "die", "das", Portuguese "um", "uma", "o", "a", "os", "as") |
 ===== prontype =====
-This is a new (September 2007) feature applied first to the Bulgarian CoNLL tag set. It takes over the pronoun classification that has been so far kept in the definiteness feature. See the [[brainstorming]] section for further details on lexical and morphological definiteness.
+Although it reads as "pronoun type" (and we use the word "pronoun" for simplicity), it is also applied to words that are usually not considered pronouns, such as determiners, interrogative/indefinite adverbs (where, there, when, then, how, why) etc.
-Although it reads as "pronoun type" (and we use the word "pronoun" for simplicity), it is also applied to words that are usually not considered pronouns, such as interrogative/indefinite adverbs (where, there, when, then, how, why).
 | **Value** | **Description** |
 | | Empty value means that this is not a pronoun but a real noun, adjective, adverb etc. |
-| prn | The word is pronominal but we do not know the exact type. |
+| prn | The word is pronominal (or determiner) but we do not know the exact type. |
-| prs | Personal or possessive pronoun. Possessives are recognizable by the value of their poss feature. |
+| prs | Personal or possessive pronoun. Possessives are recognizable by the value of their poss feature. Reflexive pronouns are distinguished from normal personal/possessive pronouns by the value of their reflex feature. |
 | rcp | Reciprocal pronoun (German "einander", Danish "hinanden"). Similar to personal pronouns but occurs as special case in object position. |
-| int | Interrogative pronoun ("who", "what", "which"). |
+| art | Article, i.e. determiner bearing only the feature of definiteness or indefinitess and nothing more (English "a", "an", "the", German "der", "die", "das", Portuguese "um", "uma", "o", "a", "os", "as"). |
-| rel | Relative pronoun. Many interrogative pronouns in many languages can also be used as relative pronouns. However, in some languages there are pronouns that fall in one of the categories but not both (Czech "jenž" is only relative; in Bulgarian, relatives are completely separated from interrogatives). For words that can be both interrogative and relative, "int" is the default value. |
+| int | Interrogative pronoun / determiner / adverb ("who", "what", "which"). |
-| dem | Demonstrative pronoun ("this", "that"). Being a demonstrative pronoun is not the same as being definite (definiteness=def), although the two feature-values are similar. |
+| rel | Relative pronoun / determiner / adverb. Many interrogative pronouns in many languages can also be used as relative pronouns. However, in some languages there are pronouns that fall in one of the categories but not both (Czech "jenž" is only relative; in Bulgarian, relatives are completely separated from interrogatives). For words that can be both interrogative and relative, "int" is the default value. |
-| neg | Negative pronoun ("nobody, nothing, none"). This is not the same as the negativeness feature. Unlike e.g. negative and positive adjectives or verbs, negative pronouns are not complements of some "positive" pronouns. Instead, they usually correspond to zero, nothing. |
+| exc | Exclamative pronoun / determiner, expresses the speaker's surprise towards the modified noun, e.g. "what" in "What a surprise!" In many languages, exclamative determiners are recruited from the set of interrogative determiners. Therefore, not all tagsets distinguish them. For instance, they are distinguished in Spanish (es::conll2009), Catalan (ca::conll2009) and Persian (fa::conll). |
-| ind | Indefinite pronoun ("somebody", "something", "anybody", "anything"). Being an indefinite pronoun is not the same as being morphologically indefinite (definiteness=ind). For instance, in Bulgarian there are morphologically definite lexically indefinite pronouns ("едната", "едното", "едните", "нещата"). In some languages, we could subclassify the indefinite pronouns into "few" ("málokdo"), "ind" ("někdo"), "mny" ("leckdo"), "any" ("kdokoli" - anybody you pick but you pick only one, not all at once; this is the difference from the totality pronouns) |
+| dem | Demonstrative pronoun / determiner / adverb ("this", "that"). Being a demonstrative pronoun is not the same as being definite (definiteness=def), although the two feature-values are similar. |
-| tot | Totality (universal) pronoun ("everybody", "everything") |
+| emp | Emphatic pronoun / determiner. There are similarities with reflexive and demonstrative pronouns / determiners. Example: "himself" as in "He himself did it." Czech "sám", Romanian "însuși". |
+| neg | Negative pronoun / determiner / adverb ("nobody, nothing, none"). This is not the same as the negativeness feature. Unlike e.g. negative and positive adjectives or verbs, negative pronouns are not complements of some "positive" pronouns. Instead, they usually correspond to zero, nothing. |
+| ind | Indefinite pronoun / determiner / adverb ("somebody", "something", "anybody", "anything"). Being an indefinite pronoun is not the same as being morphologically indefinite (definiteness=ind). For instance, in Bulgarian there are morphologically definite lexically indefinite pronouns ("едната", "едното", "едните", "нещата"). In some languages, we could subclassify the indefinite pronouns into "few" ("málokdo"), "ind" ("někdo"), "mny" ("leckdo"), "any" ("kdokoli" - anybody you pick but you pick only one, not all at once; this is the difference from the totality pronouns) |
+| tot | Total (universal) pronoun / determiner / adverb ("everybody", "everything") |
 ===== numtype =====
@@ Line 54: / Line 85: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| card | cardinal number |
+| card | cardinal number (includes Czech "čtvero", which is classified as generic numeral in Czech grammar) |
 | ord | ordinal number |
-| mult | multiplier number ("five times") |
+| mult | multiplicative number (adjectival: "twofold", Czech "čtverý"; adverbial: "five times") |
 | frac | fraction ("one fifth") |
-| gen | generic numeral ("twofold", Czech "jedny", "čtvero", "čtverý") |
+| sets | number of sets of things, or of pluralia tantum (Czech "jedny", "čtvery") |
-| sets | number of sets of things, or of pluralia tantum (Czech "čtvery") |
 | dist | distributive numeral (Hungarian "három-három" in "gyermekenként három-három ezer forinttal" = "three thousand forint per child") |
 | range | range of values, subtype of card ("two-five" = "two to five") |
@@ Line 71: / Line 101: @@
 | digit | number written using digits ("14") |
 | roman | number written using Roman numerals ("XIV") |
+| combi | number written using digits and a suffix ("2009-ųjų") |
 ===== numvalue =====
@@ Line 103: / Line 134: @@
 | cop | copula verb (Czech "být") |
 | mod | modal verb (German "dürfen", "können", "mögen", "müssen", "sollen", "wollen", "wissen"; Czech "muset", "mít", "moci", "smět", "umět", "chtít"; English "must", "can", "shall"); note that adverbs and particles have their own ''mod'' subpos |
+| light | light (support) verb in verbo-nominal constructions (Japanese "suru") |
 | verbconj | finite verb with the enclitic "-ť" (Czech "neboť" = "because") |
@@ Line 115: / Line 147: @@
 | deg | adverb of quantity or degree ("how much") |
 | cau | adverb of cause ("why") |
-| mod | adverb of modal nature (Bulgarian "апропо") |
+| mod | adverb of modal nature (Bulgarian "апропо", Czech "možno", "nutno", "radno", "třeba") |
+| sta | adverb of state (Czech "plno", "zima", "chyba", "škoda", "volno", "nanic") |
 | adadj | ad-adjective: special form in Finnish, derived from adjectives, used only to modify other adjectives (http://archives.conlang.info/pei/juenchen/phaelbhaduen.html) |
 | ex | existential "there" in English |
@@ Line 122: / Line 155: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| voc | vocalized preposition (Czech "ve" as opposed to base form "v") |
+| prep | preposition ("in", "on", "to", "from") |
 | post | postposition (German "entlang" in "der Strasse entlang") |
 | circ | circumposition (German "von ... an" in "von dieser Stelle an") |
+| voc | vocalized preposition (Czech "ve" as opposed to base form "v") |
 | preppron | preposition and pronoun in one word (Czech "proň" = "pro něj", "nač" = "na co") |
 | comprep | first part of compound preposition (Czech "nehledě na", "vzhledem k") |
@@ Line 134: / Line 168: @@
 | sub | subordinating conjunction |
 | comp | comparing conjunction (German "wie", "als") |
+| oper | mathematical operator (Czech "krát") |
 ===== parttype =====
@@ Line 158: / Line 193: @@
 | semi | semicolon |
 | dash | dash |
-| symb | symbol |
 | root | artificial sentence root node, beginning of sentence |
@@ Line 170: / Line 204: @@
 ===== synpos =====
+**WARNING!** This feature is deprecated. Most likely it will not be used in Interset version 2 drivers.
 Does the pronoun or numeral behave syntactically as a noun, adjective, or adverb?
@@ Line 197: / Line 233: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| poss | possessive |
+| yes | possessive |
 ===== reflex =====
@@ Line 204: / Line 240: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| reflex | reflexive |
+| yes | reflexive |
-===== negativeness =====
+===== polarity =====
 | **Value** | **Description** |
@@ Line 212: / Line 248: @@
 | neg | negative |
-===== definiteness =====
+===== definite =====
 See also the ''prontype'' feature.
@@ Line 222: / Line 258: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
 | ind | indefinite |
+| spec | specific indefinite ("a certain stick") |
 | def | definite |
-| red | reduced: used in [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_constructus|construct state]] in Arabic. If two nouns are in genitive relation, the first one (the "nomen regens") has "reduced definiteness," the second is the genitive and can be either definite or indefinite. Reduced form has neither the definite morpheme (article), nor the indefinite morpheme (nunation). For instance: indefinite state: حلوَةٌ //ḥulwatun// “a sweet”; definite state: الحلوَةُ //al-ḥulwatu// “the sweet”; حلوَةُ //ḥulwatu// “sweet of”. |
+| cons | reduced: used in [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_constructus|construct state]] in Arabic. If two nouns are in genitive relation, the first one (the "nomen regens") has "reduced definiteness," the second is the genitive and can be either definite or indefinite. Reduced form has neither the definite morpheme (article), nor the indefinite morpheme (nunation). For instance: indefinite state: حلوَةٌ //ḥulwatun// “a sweet”; definite state: الحلوَةُ //al-ḥulwatu// “the sweet”; حلوَةُ //ḥulwatu// “sweet of”. |
 | com | complex: used in [[http://books.google.cz/books?id=rs3hzfgj3hoC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&dq=arabic+improper+annexation&source=bl&ots=d6gGCpprOX&sig=3G6YkRZsIy_EL0OCEh7_V7qqnlE&hl=cs&ei=ZasDTuLhGc_vsgaLlcyeDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=arabic%20improper%20annexation&f=false|improper annexation]] in Arabic. The genitive construction described above normally consists of two nouns (first reduced, second genitive). That is called proper annexation or iḍāfa. If the first member is an adjective or adjectivally used participle and the second member is a definite noun, the construction is called improper annexation or false iḍāfa. The result is a compound adjective that is usually used as an attributive adjunct and thus must agree in definiteness with the noun it modifies. Its first part (the adjective or participle) may get again the definite article. Although it may look the same as the form for the definite state, it is assigned a special value of //complex// state to reflect the different origin. See also [[http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/padt/PADT_1.0/docs/papers/2004-nemlar-padt.pdf|Hajič et al.]] page 3. For instance: مُخْتَلِفٌ //muxtalifun// “different/various” (active participle, Form VIII); نَوْعٌ ج أنْوَاعٌ //nawˀun ja anwāˀun// “kind”; مُخْتَلِفُ الأنْوَاعِ //muxtalifu al-anwāˀi// “of various kinds” (false iḍāfa); مَشَاكِلُ مُخْتَلِفَةُ الأنْوَاعِ //mašākilu muxtalifatu al-anwāˀi// “problems of various kinds”; اَلْمَشَاكِلُ الْمُخْتَلِفَةُ الأنْوَاعِ //al-mašākilu al-muxtalifatu al-anwāˀi// “the problems of various kinds”. |
@@ Line 229: / Line 266: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| foreign | foreign word (not a loan word but a citation in a foreign language — e.g., the title of a foreign book) |
+| yes | foreign word (not a loan word but a citation in a foreign language — e.g., the title of a foreign book) |
 ===== gender =====
@@ Line 249: / Line 286: @@
 | neut | neuter |
-===== animateness =====
+===== animacy =====
 | **Value** | **Description** |
 | anim | animate |
-| nhum | animate but not human |
 | inan | inanimate |
+| hum  | human |
+| nhum | not human |
-The distinction of human vs. nonhuman occurs in Polish grammar, e.g. the word "który" (which):
+Some languages distinguish only animate vs. inanimate, where the animate category includes humans, animals, fictious characters and sometimes also personified things. Some languages distinguish human vs. nonhuman, i.e. animals fall into the latter category. Some languages, e.g. Polish (see below) have a three-value system: human vs. animate non-human vs. inanimate. In that case we use the ''nhum'' value to denote the non-human animates, i.e. it excludes inanimates (while in hum-nhum systems, the ''nhum'' label includes inanimates).
+The Polish word "który" (which) is an example of three-value animacy:
 | gender | sg-nom | sg-gen | sg-dat | sg-acc | sg-ins | sg-loc | pl-nom | pl-gen | pl-dat | pl-acc | pl-ins | pl-loc |
@@ Line 268: / Line 308: @@
 | sing | singular |
 | dual | dual |
-| plu | plural |
+| tri  | trial |
+| pauc | paucal |
+| grpa | greater paucal |
+| plur | plural |
+| grpl | greater plural |
+| inv  | inverse |
 | ptan | plurale tantum |
 | coll | collective / mass / singulare tantum |
+| count | “counting form”, “count plural” or “quantitative plural” in Bulgarian and Macedonian (Sussex and Cubberley 2006, p. 324). It is a special plural form of nouns if they occur after numerals. (The form originates in the Proto-Slavic dual but it should not be marked as dual because 1. the dual vanished from Bulgarian and 2. the form is no longer semantically tied to the number two.) |
 //Pluralia tantum// is a special case of plural, occurring e.g. in Czech. It applies to words that do not have singular forms. They use grammatical plural regardless of semantic number. Czech example: //nůžky// "scissors": //Papír rozstříhejte nůžkami.// "Use scissors to cut the paper to pieces." (semantic singular) vs. //Koupil jsem si dvoje nůžky.// "I bought two pairs of scissors." (semantic plural)
@@ Line 283: / Line 329: @@
 | sing | singular |
 | dual | dual |
-| plu | plural |
+| plur | plural |
 It applies e.g. to possessive pronouns and it can be different from their grammatical number, which is governed by agreement with the modified (possessed) noun phrase. Czech example: //můj pes// "my dog" (grammatical singular, possessor singular), //mí psi// "my dogs" (grammatical plural, possessor singular), //náš pes// "our dog" (grammatical singular, possessor plural), //naši psi// "our dogs" (grammatical plural, possessor plural).
@@ Line 294: / Line 340: @@
 | sing | singular |
 | dual | dual |
-| plu | plural |
+| plur | plural |
 In Hungarian, possession can be marked on the possessor or on the possessed. It is possible, though rare, that a noun has three distinct number features: its own grammatical number, number of its possessor and number of its possession. Examples from the Multext-East Hungarian lexicon:
@@ Line 334: / Line 380: @@
 | voc | vocative | cs: dome, budovo = hey, you house! |
 | loc | locative | cs: v&nbsp;domě, budově = in a house; used also for locative genitive (as opposed to possessive genitive) in Basque: talde anarkistako = group of anarchists |
-| ins | instrumental | cs: domem, budovou = with/through/using/by a house |
+| ins | instrumental / instructive | cs: domem, budovou = with/through/using/by a house. A semantically similar case called instructive is used rarely in Finnish to express “with (the aid of)”. It can be applied to infinitives that behave much like nouns in Finnish. We propose one label for both instrumental and instructive (instrumental is not defined in Finnish). Examples: [fi] lähteä “to leave”; 2003 lähtien “since 2003” (second infinitive in the instructive case); yllättää “to surprise”; sekaantui yllättäen valtataisteluun lit. was-involved-in by-surprise.Ins power-struggle.Ill. |
-| ist | instructive | Used rarely in Finnish to express "with (the aid of)", i.e. semantically similar to instrumental (which is not defined in Finnish grammar). Shall we merge instructive with instrumental? |
 | abl | ablative | hu: a barátomtól jövök = jdu od kamaráda fi: pöydältä = se stolu; katolta = se střechy; rannalta = z pláže |
 | par | partitive | Ve finštině vyjadřuje neznámou identitu a neukončené akce bez výsledku. Příklady užití: kolme taloa = tři domy (koncovka -a u talo); rakastan tätä taloa = mám rád tento dům; saanko lainata kirjaa? = můžu si půjčit tu knihu? (koncovka -a u kirja); lasissa on maitoa = ve sklenici je (nějaké) mléko; akuzativ: ammuin karhun = zastřelil jsem medvěda (a vím, že je mrtvý); partitiv: ammuin karhua = střelil jsem po medvědovi (a nevím ani, jestli jsem ho trefil); Akuzativ (v opozici k partitivu) taky může suplovat chybějící budoucí čas: akuzativ: luen kirjan = přečtu si tu knihu; partitiv: luen kirjaa = čtu knihu |
@@ Line 353: / Line 398: @@
 | del | delative | Used, chiefly [[http://www.hungarianreference.com/Nouns/r%C3%B3l-rol-delative.aspx|in Hungarian]], to express the movement from the surface of something (like "moved off the table"). hu: az asztalról = off the table. Směr "z, od", ale používá se i v jiných významech (např. "o něčem"). hu: Budapestről vagyok = jsem, přicházím z Budapešti |
 | lat | lative | Denotes movement towards/to/into/onto something. Similar case in Basque is called directional allative (Spanish //adlativo direccional//). However, lative is typically thought of as a union of allative, illative and sublative, while in Basque it is derived from allative, which also exists independently. eu: beherantz = down (behe = low) |
+| per | perlative | Denotes movement along something. Used in Warlpiri: yurutu = road; yurutuwana = along the road. Andrews (pp. 161-164) in Shopen: Language Typology vol. 1 |
 | tem | temporal | Určuje čas. hu: hétkor = v sedm, éjfélkor = o půlnoci, karácsonykor = o Vánocích |
 | ter | terminative | Specifies where something ends in space or time. Similar case in Basque is called terminal allative (Spanish //adlativo terminal//). ee: jõeni = down to the river; ee: kella kuueni = till six o'clock; hu: a házig = up to the house; hu: hat óráig = till six o'clock; eu: erdiraino = up to the half (erdi = half) |
@@ Line 359: / Line 405: @@
 | cau | causative / motivative | Noun in this case is the cause of something. hu: Hálás leszekérte. eu: jokaeragatik = because of behavior (jokaera = behavior) |
 | ben | benefactive / destinative | Corresponds to the preposition "for". eu: mutilarentzat = for boys (mutil = boy) |
+| cns | considerative | Denotes something that is given in exchange for something else. Used in Warlpiri: miyi = food; miyiwanawana = in exchange for food. Andrews (pp. 161-164) in Shopen: Language Typology vol. 1 |
+| equ | equative | “X-like”, “similar to X”, “same as X”. It marks the standard of comparison and it differs from the equative degree, which marks the property being compared. tr: bence = like me (ben = I) |
+| cmp | comparative | “than X”. It marks the standard of comparison and it differs from the comparative degree, which marks the property being compared. It occurs in Dravidian and Northeast-Caucasian languages. |
   * Fine grained locative cases (Uralic languages)
@@ Line 390: / Line 439: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
 | pos | positive, first degree (note that although this degree is traditionally called "positive", negative properties can be compared, too) |
-| comp | comparative, second degree |
+| cmp | comparative, second degree |
 | sup | superlative, third degree |
 | abs | absolute superlative |
+| equ | equative ("same quality as the other object") |
+| dim | diminutive (used for nouns e.g. in Dutch: "stoeltje", "huisje", "nippertje") |
+| aug | augmentative (for nouns, opposite of diminutive; both dim and aug are used in the Freeling tagset of Portuguese |
 ===== person =====
 | **Value** | **Description** |
+| 0 | zero / impersonal construction |
 | 1 | first (I, we) |
 | 2 | second (you) |
 | 3 | third (he, she, it, they) |
+| 4 | fourth (i.e. another third person, morphologically distinguished from the main third person) |
+Note that this feature is used also for possessive pronouns, where it means the person of the possessor. E.g. "my" has person=1, "your" has person=2, "their" has person=3.
 ===== possperson =====
-Possgender is possessor's person, marked e.g. in Hungarian.
+Possperson is possessor's person, marked e.g. in Hungarian. Don't use it for possessive pronouns (use [[https://wiki.ufal.ms.mff.cuni.cz/user:zeman:interset:features#person|person]] instead).
 | **Value** | **Description** |
@@ Line 410: / Line 466: @@
 | 3 | third (his, her, its, their) |
-===== politeness =====
+===== clusivity =====
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| in | inclusive we = I + you (+ optionally they) (Indonesian "kita") |
+| ex | exclusive we = I + they (excluding you) (Indonesian "kami") |
+===== polite =====
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| infm | informal (Czech "ty/vy", German "du/ihr", Spanish "tú/vosotros") |
+| form | formal / polite (Czech "vy", German "Sie", Spanish "usted") |
+| elev | elevated status of referent/addressee, subtype of ''form'' |
+| humb | humbled status of speaker, subtype of ''form'' |
+===== (abs|erg|dat)(person|number|polite|gender) =====
+In quite a few languages, finite verb forms agree in person and number with the subject. In Basque, a subset of verbs agree with up to three arguments: one in the absolutive case, one in ergative and one in dative. To distinguish the different values of person, number (and politeness and rarely even gender), there are special features for each of the three arguments. Their names contain the three-letter code of the case of the argument: ''absperson'', ''absnumber'', ''ergperson'', ''ergnumber'' etc. The value range is identical to the base features. That is, ''absnumber'', ''ergnumber'' and ''datnumber'' may get the same values as ''number''.
+===== position =====
+Adjectives in some languages (e.g. in Dutch) have different forms depending on how and where they are used. The same may hold for determiners (including possessive pronouns), quantifiers, numerals and participles.
+Note: This feature has been introduced because of the ''nl::cgn'' tagset of Dutch. Similar features were previously observed in other tagsets (e.g. ''fa::conll'') and they could be now re-implemented using this new Interset feature. We may also consider using this feature to distinguish the nominal (short) and pronominal (long) forms of Czech adjectives, the adverbial forms of German adjectives etc. (these are currently distinguished using the ''variant'' feature).
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| inf | informal (Czech "ty/vy", German "du/ihr", Spanish "tú/vosotros") |
+| prenom | modifies a following noun; Dutch "vrij" in "een vrije vogel" or "mooi" in "een mooi huis" |
-| pol | polite (Czech "vy", German "Sie", Spanish "usted") |
+| postnom | modifies a preceding noun; Dutch "bevaarbaar" in "rivieren bevaarbaar in de winter" |
+| nom | adjective constituting a noun phrase, inflected as a noun; Dutch "rijken" in "de rijken" = "the rich" |
+| free | adjective used independently, i.e. not as a noun and not modifying a noun; a predicative or adverbial usage; Dutch "vrij" in "de vogels vrij laten rondvliegen" |
 ===== subcat =====
-There are tag sets (e.g. Bulgarian CoNLL) that classify verbs as intransitive or transitive. It turns out that a Bulgarian verb can have set both features type=aux && trans=t. That is why we cannot mix transitivity and auxiliarity in subpos.
+There are tag sets (e.g. Bulgarian CoNLL) that classify verbs as intransitive or transitive.
 | **Value** | **Description** |
@@ Line 431: / Line 511: @@
 | sup | supine (with motion verbs: "go do something"; infinitive used in languages where there is no supine) |
 | part | participle (present ("doing"), past ("done"), passive (Czech "udělán" distinguished from adjective "udělaný" by variant=short)), gerundive |
-| trans | transgressive, adverbial participle (modifies other verbs, behaves like adverb; Czech present "dělaje", past "udělav") |
+| conv | converb, transgressive, adverbial participle (modifies other verbs, behaves like adverb; Czech present "dělaje", past "udělav"; some authors also call it gerund!) |
-| ger | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund|gerund]] ([[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_noun|verbal noun]]) |
+| vnoun | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_noun|verbal noun]] |
+| ger | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund|gerund]]. Deprecated in cases which are traditionally called gerund but could be plausibly called verbal noun (see above). Latin //gerundium:// "amare" => genitive "amandi", dative "amando", accusative "(ad) amandum", ablative "amando". |
+| gdv | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerundive|gerundive]] ([[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributive_verb|verbal adjective]]). Latin //gerundivum:// "portāre" => "portandus, portanda, portandum" |
 ===== mood =====
@@ Line 443: / Line 525: @@
 | sub | subjunctive (conjunctive) (spojovací) |
 | jus | jussive (přací) |
+| prp | purposive (in order to) |
 | qot | quotative (Estonian: denotes direct speech) |
 | opt | optative (Turkish; "May you have a long life! If only I were rich!") |
 | des | desiderative (Turkish; "He wants to come.") |
 | nec | necessitative (Turkish; "He must come. He should come.") |
+| adm | admirative (Albanian; expresses surprise, irony or doubt) |
 ===== tense =====
@@ Line 460: / Line 543: @@
 | aor | aorist |
 | imp | imperfect |
-| nar | narrative (Turkish //miş//-past) |
 | pqp | pluperfect |
@@ Line 470: / Line 552: @@
 | imp | imperfect |
 | perf | perfect |
-| pro | prospective |
+| prosp | prospective |
 | prog | progressive |
+| hab | habitual |
+| iter | iterative, frequentative |
 ===== voice =====
@@ Line 477: / Line 561: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
 | act | active |
+| mid | middle (Ancient Greek; neither active nor passive but somewhere inbetween; they have also mediopassive, which can be expressed as "voice=mid<nowiki>|</nowiki>pass") |
 | pass | passive |
 | rcp | reciprocal (Turkish "karıştı", "tutuştular") |
 | cau | causative (Turkish "karıştırıyor" ("is confusing")) |
+| antip | antipassive |
+| dir | direct |
+| inv | inverse |
 {{:user:zeman:treebanks:ttbankkl.pdf|Documentation}} of the METU Sabanci treebank classifies causative as voice (page 26). Note that this is a feature of verbs. There are languages that have also the causative case of nouns.
+===== evident =====
+Evidentiality: what is the speaker's source of information?
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| fh | firsthand |
+| nfh | nonfirsthand |
 ===== abbr =====
@@ Line 488: / Line 583: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| abbr | abbreviation |
+| yes | abbreviation |
 ===== hyph =====
@@ Line 495: / Line 590: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| hyph | hyphenated prefix ("anglo-" in "anglo-saxon") |
+| yes | hyphenated prefix ("anglo-" in "anglo-saxon") |
 ===== echo =====
@@ Line 503: / Line 598: @@
 | **Value** | **Meaning** | **Explanation** | **Examples** |
 | rdp | reduplicative | The word is a copy of a previous word. In Hindi, this would add the meaning of distribution ("one rupee each"), separation ("sit separately"), variety, diversity or just emphasis. | hi: "कभी - कभी" = "kabhī - kabhī" = "sometimes", "कभी" = "kabhī" = "sometimes"; "एक एक" = "eka eka" = "one each", "एक" = "eka" = "one" |
-| ech | echo | The word rhymes with a previous word but it is not identical to it and typically id does not have any meaning of its own. In Hindi it generalizes the meaning of the previous word and eventually translates as "or something", "etc." etc. | hi: "चाय वाय" = "čāya vāya" = "tea or something" (as in "Have some tea or something.") |
+| ech | echo | The word rhymes with a previous word but it is not identical to it and typically it does not have any meaning of its own. In Hindi it generalizes the meaning of the previous word and eventually translates as "or something", "etc." etc. | hi: "चाय वाय" = "čāya vāya" = "tea or something" (as in "Have some tea or something.") |
 For more details see Rupert Snell and Simon Weightman: //Teach Yourself Hindi,// Section 16.4 and 16.5, pages 210 – 211.
@@ Line 510: / Line 605: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| arch | archaic, obsolete, rare |
+| arch | archaic, obsolete |
+| rare | rare |
 | form | formal, literary |
+| poet | poetic |
 | norm | normal, neutral |
 | coll | colloquial |
 | vrnc | vernacular |
 | slng | slang |
+| expr | expressive, emotional |
 | derg | derogative |
 | vulg | vulgar |
@@ Line 524: / Line 622: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| typo | typo, bad spelling, error |
+| yes | typo, bad spelling, error |
+===== strength =====
+Distinguishes between strong and weak forms of adjectives or pronouns. Used e.g. in Romanian UD. See also the ''variant'' feature. Some tagsets use ''variant=long'' instead of ''strength=strong'', and ''variant=short'' instead of ''strength=weak''. However, the ''strength'' feature has been tentatively added to Interset because it is slightly more specific and also because we want to be able to seamlessly read the features from the UD corpora that use it.
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| weak   | weak form    |
+| strong | strong form  |
 ===== variant =====
@@ Line 543: / Line 649: @@
 | 8 | variant form 8 |
 | 9 | variant form 9 |
+| a | variant form a (abbreviation in PDT-C) |
+| b | variant form b (abbreviation in PDT-C) |
+| c | variant form c (abbreviation in PDT-C) |
 ===== tagset, other =====
@@ Line 552: / Line 660: @@
 Only information that cannot be stored in other features should be stored here.
 The apparently easiest approach — to store the complete original tag — will not work if the user needs to change feature values between decode() and encode().
+Note that the ''tagset'' feature may sometimes refer to a related but different driver. For instance, drivers ''cs::pmk'' and ''cs::pmkkr'' are related. The latter is a reduced version of the former and its implementation uses the code of the driver for ''cs::pmk''. Both drivers share their interpretation of the values of the ''other'' feature. They thus also use the same value of the ''tagset'' feature, namely ''cs::pmk''. Sharing this identifier helps one driver understand the ''other'' values set by the other driver. The derived driver has its own identifier, ''cs::pmkkr'', but this identifier is never mentioned in the feature structures. It would be more precise to say that the ''tagset'' feature identifies the language used in the feature structure, rather than the source tagset.

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