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--- user:zeman:interset:features [2015/01/23 17:06]
zeman
+++ user:zeman:interset:features [2021/03/01 08:37] (current)
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@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 | exc | Exclamative pronoun / determiner, expresses the speaker's surprise towards the modified noun, e.g. "what" in "What a surprise!" In many languages, exclamative determiners are recruited from the set of interrogative determiners. Therefore, not all tagsets distinguish them. For instance, they are distinguished in Spanish (es::conll2009), Catalan (ca::conll2009) and Persian (fa::conll). |
 | dem | Demonstrative pronoun / determiner / adverb ("this", "that"). Being a demonstrative pronoun is not the same as being definite (definiteness=def), although the two feature-values are similar. |
+| emp | Emphatic pronoun / determiner. There are similarities with reflexive and demonstrative pronouns / determiners. Example: "himself" as in "He himself did it." Czech "sám", Romanian "însuși". |
 | neg | Negative pronoun / determiner / adverb ("nobody, nothing, none"). This is not the same as the negativeness feature. Unlike e.g. negative and positive adjectives or verbs, negative pronouns are not complements of some "positive" pronouns. Instead, they usually correspond to zero, nothing. |
 | ind | Indefinite pronoun / determiner / adverb ("somebody", "something", "anybody", "anything"). Being an indefinite pronoun is not the same as being morphologically indefinite (definiteness=ind). For instance, in Bulgarian there are morphologically definite lexically indefinite pronouns ("едната", "едното", "едните", "нещата"). In some languages, we could subclassify the indefinite pronouns into "few" ("málokdo"), "ind" ("někdo"), "mny" ("leckdo"), "any" ("kdokoli" - anybody you pick but you pick only one, not all at once; this is the difference from the totality pronouns) |
@@ Line 84: / Line 85: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| card | cardinal number |
+| card | cardinal number (includes Czech "čtvero", which is classified as generic numeral in Czech grammar) |
 | ord | ordinal number |
-| mult | multiplier number ("five times") |
+| mult | multiplicative number (adjectival: "twofold", Czech "čtverý"; adverbial: "five times") |
 | frac | fraction ("one fifth") |
-| gen | generic numeral ("twofold", Czech "jedny", "čtvero", "čtverý") |
+| sets | number of sets of things, or of pluralia tantum (Czech "jedny", "čtvery") |
-| sets | number of sets of things, or of pluralia tantum (Czech "čtvery") |
 | dist | distributive numeral (Hungarian "három-három" in "gyermekenként három-három ezer forinttal" = "three thousand forint per child") |
 | range | range of values, subtype of card ("two-five" = "two to five") |
@@ Line 101: / Line 101: @@
 | digit | number written using digits ("14") |
 | roman | number written using Roman numerals ("XIV") |
+| combi | number written using digits and a suffix ("2009-ųjų") |
 ===== numvalue =====
@@ Line 232: / Line 233: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| poss | possessive |
+| yes | possessive |
 ===== reflex =====
@@ Line 239: / Line 240: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| reflex | reflexive |
+| yes | reflexive |
-===== negativeness =====
+===== polarity =====
 | **Value** | **Description** |
@@ Line 247: / Line 248: @@
 | neg | negative |
-===== definiteness =====
+===== definite =====
 See also the ''prontype'' feature.
@@ Line 257: / Line 258: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
 | ind | indefinite |
+| spec | specific indefinite ("a certain stick") |
 | def | definite |
-| red | reduced: used in [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_constructus|construct state]] in Arabic. If two nouns are in genitive relation, the first one (the "nomen regens") has "reduced definiteness," the second is the genitive and can be either definite or indefinite. Reduced form has neither the definite morpheme (article), nor the indefinite morpheme (nunation). For instance: indefinite state: حلوَةٌ //ḥulwatun// “a sweet”; definite state: الحلوَةُ //al-ḥulwatu// “the sweet”; حلوَةُ //ḥulwatu// “sweet of”. |
+| cons | reduced: used in [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_constructus|construct state]] in Arabic. If two nouns are in genitive relation, the first one (the "nomen regens") has "reduced definiteness," the second is the genitive and can be either definite or indefinite. Reduced form has neither the definite morpheme (article), nor the indefinite morpheme (nunation). For instance: indefinite state: حلوَةٌ //ḥulwatun// “a sweet”; definite state: الحلوَةُ //al-ḥulwatu// “the sweet”; حلوَةُ //ḥulwatu// “sweet of”. |
 | com | complex: used in [[http://books.google.cz/books?id=rs3hzfgj3hoC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&dq=arabic+improper+annexation&source=bl&ots=d6gGCpprOX&sig=3G6YkRZsIy_EL0OCEh7_V7qqnlE&hl=cs&ei=ZasDTuLhGc_vsgaLlcyeDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=arabic%20improper%20annexation&f=false|improper annexation]] in Arabic. The genitive construction described above normally consists of two nouns (first reduced, second genitive). That is called proper annexation or iḍāfa. If the first member is an adjective or adjectivally used participle and the second member is a definite noun, the construction is called improper annexation or false iḍāfa. The result is a compound adjective that is usually used as an attributive adjunct and thus must agree in definiteness with the noun it modifies. Its first part (the adjective or participle) may get again the definite article. Although it may look the same as the form for the definite state, it is assigned a special value of //complex// state to reflect the different origin. See also [[http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/padt/PADT_1.0/docs/papers/2004-nemlar-padt.pdf|Hajič et al.]] page 3. For instance: مُخْتَلِفٌ //muxtalifun// “different/various” (active participle, Form VIII); نَوْعٌ ج أنْوَاعٌ //nawˀun ja anwāˀun// “kind”; مُخْتَلِفُ الأنْوَاعِ //muxtalifu al-anwāˀi// “of various kinds” (false iḍāfa); مَشَاكِلُ مُخْتَلِفَةُ الأنْوَاعِ //mašākilu muxtalifatu al-anwāˀi// “problems of various kinds”; اَلْمَشَاكِلُ الْمُخْتَلِفَةُ الأنْوَاعِ //al-mašākilu al-muxtalifatu al-anwāˀi// “the problems of various kinds”. |
@@ Line 264: / Line 266: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| foreign | foreign word (not a loan word but a citation in a foreign language — e.g., the title of a foreign book) |
+| yes | foreign word (not a loan word but a citation in a foreign language — e.g., the title of a foreign book) |
-| fscript | foreign word written in a foreign script, e.g. "सगरमाथा" in English text |
-| tscript | foreign word transcribed from a foreign script, e.g. "Sagaramāthā" in English text |
 ===== gender =====
@@ Line 286: / Line 286: @@
 | neut | neuter |
-===== animateness =====
+===== animacy =====
 | **Value** | **Description** |
 | anim | animate |
-| nhum | animate but not human |
 | inan | inanimate |
+| hum  | human |
+| nhum | not human |
-The distinction of human vs. nonhuman occurs in Polish grammar, e.g. the word "który" (which):
+Some languages distinguish only animate vs. inanimate, where the animate category includes humans, animals, fictious characters and sometimes also personified things. Some languages distinguish human vs. nonhuman, i.e. animals fall into the latter category. Some languages, e.g. Polish (see below) have a three-value system: human vs. animate non-human vs. inanimate. In that case we use the ''nhum'' value to denote the non-human animates, i.e. it excludes inanimates (while in hum-nhum systems, the ''nhum'' label includes inanimates).
+The Polish word "który" (which) is an example of three-value animacy:
 | gender | sg-nom | sg-gen | sg-dat | sg-acc | sg-ins | sg-loc | pl-nom | pl-gen | pl-dat | pl-acc | pl-ins | pl-loc |
@@ Line 305: / Line 308: @@
 | sing | singular |
 | dual | dual |
+| tri  | trial |
+| pauc | paucal |
+| grpa | greater paucal |
 | plur | plural |
+| grpl | greater plural |
+| inv  | inverse |
 | ptan | plurale tantum |
 | coll | collective / mass / singulare tantum |
+| count | “counting form”, “count plural” or “quantitative plural” in Bulgarian and Macedonian (Sussex and Cubberley 2006, p. 324). It is a special plural form of nouns if they occur after numerals. (The form originates in the Proto-Slavic dual but it should not be marked as dual because 1. the dual vanished from Bulgarian and 2. the form is no longer semantically tied to the number two.) |
 //Pluralia tantum// is a special case of plural, occurring e.g. in Czech. It applies to words that do not have singular forms. They use grammatical plural regardless of semantic number. Czech example: //nůžky// "scissors": //Papír rozstříhejte nůžkami.// "Use scissors to cut the paper to pieces." (semantic singular) vs. //Koupil jsem si dvoje nůžky.// "I bought two pairs of scissors." (semantic plural)
@@ Line 371: / Line 380: @@
 | voc | vocative | cs: dome, budovo = hey, you house! |
 | loc | locative | cs: v&nbsp;domě, budově = in a house; used also for locative genitive (as opposed to possessive genitive) in Basque: talde anarkistako = group of anarchists |
-| ins | instrumental | cs: domem, budovou = with/through/using/by a house |
+| ins | instrumental / instructive | cs: domem, budovou = with/through/using/by a house. A semantically similar case called instructive is used rarely in Finnish to express “with (the aid of)”. It can be applied to infinitives that behave much like nouns in Finnish. We propose one label for both instrumental and instructive (instrumental is not defined in Finnish). Examples: [fi] lähteä “to leave”; 2003 lähtien “since 2003” (second infinitive in the instructive case); yllättää “to surprise”; sekaantui yllättäen valtataisteluun lit. was-involved-in by-surprise.Ins power-struggle.Ill. |
-| ist | instructive | Used rarely in Finnish to express "with (the aid of)", i.e. semantically similar to instrumental (which is not defined in Finnish grammar). Shall we merge instructive with instrumental? |
 | abl | ablative | hu: a barátomtól jövök = jdu od kamaráda fi: pöydältä = se stolu; katolta = se střechy; rannalta = z pláže |
 | par | partitive | Ve finštině vyjadřuje neznámou identitu a neukončené akce bez výsledku. Příklady užití: kolme taloa = tři domy (koncovka -a u talo); rakastan tätä taloa = mám rád tento dům; saanko lainata kirjaa? = můžu si půjčit tu knihu? (koncovka -a u kirja); lasissa on maitoa = ve sklenici je (nějaké) mléko; akuzativ: ammuin karhun = zastřelil jsem medvěda (a vím, že je mrtvý); partitiv: ammuin karhua = střelil jsem po medvědovi (a nevím ani, jestli jsem ho trefil); Akuzativ (v opozici k partitivu) taky může suplovat chybějící budoucí čas: akuzativ: luen kirjan = přečtu si tu knihu; partitiv: luen kirjaa = čtu knihu |
@@ Line 390: / Line 398: @@
 | del | delative | Used, chiefly [[http://www.hungarianreference.com/Nouns/r%C3%B3l-rol-delative.aspx|in Hungarian]], to express the movement from the surface of something (like "moved off the table"). hu: az asztalról = off the table. Směr "z, od", ale používá se i v jiných významech (např. "o něčem"). hu: Budapestről vagyok = jsem, přicházím z Budapešti |
 | lat | lative | Denotes movement towards/to/into/onto something. Similar case in Basque is called directional allative (Spanish //adlativo direccional//). However, lative is typically thought of as a union of allative, illative and sublative, while in Basque it is derived from allative, which also exists independently. eu: beherantz = down (behe = low) |
+| per | perlative | Denotes movement along something. Used in Warlpiri: yurutu = road; yurutuwana = along the road. Andrews (pp. 161-164) in Shopen: Language Typology vol. 1 |
 | tem | temporal | Určuje čas. hu: hétkor = v sedm, éjfélkor = o půlnoci, karácsonykor = o Vánocích |
 | ter | terminative | Specifies where something ends in space or time. Similar case in Basque is called terminal allative (Spanish //adlativo terminal//). ee: jõeni = down to the river; ee: kella kuueni = till six o'clock; hu: a házig = up to the house; hu: hat óráig = till six o'clock; eu: erdiraino = up to the half (erdi = half) |
@@ Line 396: / Line 405: @@
 | cau | causative / motivative | Noun in this case is the cause of something. hu: Hálás leszekérte. eu: jokaeragatik = because of behavior (jokaera = behavior) |
 | ben | benefactive / destinative | Corresponds to the preposition "for". eu: mutilarentzat = for boys (mutil = boy) |
+| cns | considerative | Denotes something that is given in exchange for something else. Used in Warlpiri: miyi = food; miyiwanawana = in exchange for food. Andrews (pp. 161-164) in Shopen: Language Typology vol. 1 |
+| equ | equative | “X-like”, “similar to X”, “same as X”. It marks the standard of comparison and it differs from the equative degree, which marks the property being compared. tr: bence = like me (ben = I) |
+| cmp | comparative | “than X”. It marks the standard of comparison and it differs from the comparative degree, which marks the property being compared. It occurs in Dravidian and Northeast-Caucasian languages. |
   * Fine grained locative cases (Uralic languages)
@@ Line 427: / Line 439: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
 | pos | positive, first degree (note that although this degree is traditionally called "positive", negative properties can be compared, too) |
-| comp | comparative, second degree |
+| cmp | comparative, second degree |
 | sup | superlative, third degree |
 | abs | absolute superlative |
+| equ | equative ("same quality as the other object") |
+| dim | diminutive (used for nouns e.g. in Dutch: "stoeltje", "huisje", "nippertje") |
+| aug | augmentative (for nouns, opposite of diminutive; both dim and aug are used in the Freeling tagset of Portuguese |
 ===== person =====
 | **Value** | **Description** |
+| 0 | zero / impersonal construction |
 | 1 | first (I, we) |
 | 2 | second (you) |
 | 3 | third (he, she, it, they) |
+| 4 | fourth (i.e. another third person, morphologically distinguished from the main third person) |
 Note that this feature is used also for possessive pronouns, where it means the person of the possessor. E.g. "my" has person=1, "your" has person=2, "their" has person=3.
@@ Line 449: / Line 466: @@
 | 3 | third (his, her, its, their) |
-===== politeness =====
+===== clusivity =====
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| inf | informal (Czech "ty/vy", German "du/ihr", Spanish "tú/vosotros") |
+| in | inclusive we = I + you (+ optionally they) (Indonesian "kita") |
-| pol | polite (Czech "vy", German "Sie", Spanish "usted") |
+| ex | exclusive we = I + they (excluding you) (Indonesian "kami") |
-===== (abs|erg|dat)(person|number|politeness|gender) =====
+===== polite =====
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| infm | informal (Czech "ty/vy", German "du/ihr", Spanish "tú/vosotros") |
+| form | formal / polite (Czech "vy", German "Sie", Spanish "usted") |
+| elev | elevated status of referent/addressee, subtype of ''form'' |
+| humb | humbled status of speaker, subtype of ''form'' |
+===== (abs|erg|dat)(person|number|polite|gender) =====
 In quite a few languages, finite verb forms agree in person and number with the subject. In Basque, a subset of verbs agree with up to three arguments: one in the absolutive case, one in ergative and one in dative. To distinguish the different values of person, number (and politeness and rarely even gender), there are special features for each of the three arguments. Their names contain the three-letter code of the case of the argument: ''absperson'', ''absnumber'', ''ergperson'', ''ergnumber'' etc. The value range is identical to the base features. That is, ''absnumber'', ''ergnumber'' and ''datnumber'' may get the same values as ''number''.
+===== position =====
+Adjectives in some languages (e.g. in Dutch) have different forms depending on how and where they are used. The same may hold for determiners (including possessive pronouns), quantifiers, numerals and participles.
+Note: This feature has been introduced because of the ''nl::cgn'' tagset of Dutch. Similar features were previously observed in other tagsets (e.g. ''fa::conll'') and they could be now re-implemented using this new Interset feature. We may also consider using this feature to distinguish the nominal (short) and pronominal (long) forms of Czech adjectives, the adverbial forms of German adjectives etc. (these are currently distinguished using the ''variant'' feature).
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| prenom | modifies a following noun; Dutch "vrij" in "een vrije vogel" or "mooi" in "een mooi huis" |
+| postnom | modifies a preceding noun; Dutch "bevaarbaar" in "rivieren bevaarbaar in de winter" |
+| nom | adjective constituting a noun phrase, inflected as a noun; Dutch "rijken" in "de rijken" = "the rich" |
+| free | adjective used independently, i.e. not as a noun and not modifying a noun; a predicative or adverbial usage; Dutch "vrij" in "de vogels vrij laten rondvliegen" |
 ===== subcat =====
@@ Line 474: / Line 511: @@
 | sup | supine (with motion verbs: "go do something"; infinitive used in languages where there is no supine) |
 | part | participle (present ("doing"), past ("done"), passive (Czech "udělán" distinguished from adjective "udělaný" by variant=short)), gerundive |
-| trans | transgressive, adverbial participle (modifies other verbs, behaves like adverb; Czech present "dělaje", past "udělav") |
+| conv | converb, transgressive, adverbial participle (modifies other verbs, behaves like adverb; Czech present "dělaje", past "udělav"; some authors also call it gerund!) |
-| ger | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund|gerund]] ([[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_noun|verbal noun]]). Latin //gerundium:// "amare" => genitive "amandi", dative "amando", accusative "(ad) amandum", ablative "amando". |
+| vnoun | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_noun|verbal noun]] |
+| ger | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund|gerund]]. Deprecated in cases which are traditionally called gerund but could be plausibly called verbal noun (see above). Latin //gerundium:// "amare" => genitive "amandi", dative "amando", accusative "(ad) amandum", ablative "amando". |
 | gdv | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerundive|gerundive]] ([[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributive_verb|verbal adjective]]). Latin //gerundivum:// "portāre" => "portandus, portanda, portandum" |
@@ Line 487: / Line 525: @@
 | sub | subjunctive (conjunctive) (spojovací) |
 | jus | jussive (přací) |
+| prp | purposive (in order to) |
 | qot | quotative (Estonian: denotes direct speech) |
 | opt | optative (Turkish; "May you have a long life! If only I were rich!") |
 | des | desiderative (Turkish; "He wants to come.") |
 | nec | necessitative (Turkish; "He must come. He should come.") |
+| adm | admirative (Albanian; expresses surprise, irony or doubt) |
 ===== tense =====
@@ Line 504: / Line 543: @@
 | aor | aorist |
 | imp | imperfect |
-| nar | narrative (Turkish //miş//-past) |
 | pqp | pluperfect |
@@ Line 514: / Line 552: @@
 | imp | imperfect |
 | perf | perfect |
-| pro | prospective |
+| prosp | prospective |
 | prog | progressive |
+| hab | habitual |
+| iter | iterative, frequentative |
 ===== voice =====
@@ Line 525: / Line 565: @@
 | rcp | reciprocal (Turkish "karıştı", "tutuştular") |
 | cau | causative (Turkish "karıştırıyor" ("is confusing")) |
+| antip | antipassive |
+| dir | direct |
+| inv | inverse |
 {{:user:zeman:treebanks:ttbankkl.pdf|Documentation}} of the METU Sabanci treebank classifies causative as voice (page 26). Note that this is a feature of verbs. There are languages that have also the causative case of nouns.
+===== evident =====
+Evidentiality: what is the speaker's source of information?
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| fh | firsthand |
+| nfh | nonfirsthand |
 ===== abbr =====
@@ Line 533: / Line 583: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| abbr | abbreviation |
+| yes | abbreviation |
 ===== hyph =====
@@ Line 540: / Line 590: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| hyph | hyphenated prefix ("anglo-" in "anglo-saxon") |
+| yes | hyphenated prefix ("anglo-" in "anglo-saxon") |
 ===== echo =====
@@ Line 572: / Line 622: @@
 | **Value** | **Description** |
-| typo | typo, bad spelling, error |
+| yes | typo, bad spelling, error |
+===== strength =====
+Distinguishes between strong and weak forms of adjectives or pronouns. Used e.g. in Romanian UD. See also the ''variant'' feature. Some tagsets use ''variant=long'' instead of ''strength=strong'', and ''variant=short'' instead of ''strength=weak''. However, the ''strength'' feature has been tentatively added to Interset because it is slightly more specific and also because we want to be able to seamlessly read the features from the UD corpora that use it.
+| **Value** | **Description** |
+| weak   | weak form    |
+| strong | strong form  |
 ===== variant =====
@@ Line 591: / Line 649: @@
 | 8 | variant form 8 |
 | 9 | variant form 9 |
+| a | variant form a (abbreviation in PDT-C) |
+| b | variant form b (abbreviation in PDT-C) |
+| c | variant form c (abbreviation in PDT-C) |
 ===== tagset, other =====

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