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user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/04 18:03]
zeman Finite verbs. 		user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/05 00:02]
zeman
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   * Swedish infinitive mark is //att//   * Swedish infinitive mark is //att//
  
-In DZ Interset, infinitive is decoded as ''verbform = inf''. Mood, tense and voice are usually empty. Czech infinitives set the feature ''negativeness''. Portuguese infinitives can be mildly conjugated. I think I may have seen active/passive infinitives but I am not sure where.+In DZ Interset, infinitive is decoded as ''verbform = inf''. This value is set even for the English base verb form, although it is not certain whether the form is used as infinitive, or imperative. Mood, tense and voice are usually empty. Czech infinitives set the feature ''negativeness''. Portuguese infinitives can be mildly conjugated. I think I may have seen active/passive infinitives but I am not sure where.
  
 ===== Finite ===== ===== Finite =====
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 Opposed to finite verbs are non-finite verb forms, namely infinitive, supine, participle, transgressive and gerund. Opposed to finite verbs are non-finite verb forms, namely infinitive, supine, participle, transgressive and gerund.
 +
 +In DZ Interset, finite verb form is decoded as ''verbform = fin''.
 +
 +===== Indicative =====
 +
 +Verbs in indicative mood merely indicate that someone performs / has performed / will perform the action of the verb. Opposed to indicative is imperative (the verb orders the listener to perform the action) and various conditional constructions (the action would be performed if...)
 +
 +There is a multitude of indicative verb forms, classified according to tense (**present**, **past**, **future** etc.) and voice (**active** or **passive**). Present active forms are the default. They are usually the simplest, formed synthetically. Other tenses and voices are formed synthetically or analytically, depending on language.
 +
 +In DZ Interset, indicative is decoded as ''mood = ind''. This is also the default mood value for finite verb forms. (For non-finite verb forms, default mood is empty.)
 +
 +===== Present =====
 +
 +Verbs in present tense indicate an action that is taking place at the time of speaking, or in a general timespan ("usually"). They are usually formed synthetically, and take different forms according to ''person'' and ''number'', possibly also ''gender''. If two verbs use different morphemes to express the same combination of person, number, gender etc., they are assigned to different **conjugation classes.** Example: Czech verb //nést//:
 +
 +| Person | Number |
 +| | Singular | Plural|
 +| 1st | //nesu// | //neseme// |
 +| 2nd | //neseš// | //nesete// |
 +| 3rd | //nese// | //nesou// |
 +
 +In DZ Interset, present tense is decoded as ''tense = pres''.
 +
 +Czech verbs are divided lexically to **perfective** and **imperfective.** Present tense forms of perfective verbs are in fact forms of **future** tense. If the physical tagset encodes these forms as present, they will be decoded into Interset as ''tense = pres''. However, if the physical tagset contains the information that these are semantically future forms, it will be decoded as ''tense = fut''.
 +
 +The English **progressive present** tense (//he is doing//) is formed analytically by the simple present form of the auxiliary verb //to be// and the **present participle (gerund)** of the main verb. There is thus no Interset feature value for this tense. See participle and gerund.
 +
 +===== Past =====
 +
 +Simple past indicates action that took place in past. Some languages (e.g. Czech) have only this one past tense. Others have more refined tense system that allow to express whether the action has been completed (**perfect**) or not (**imperfect**), whether it was running while something else was being done etc. In Czech however, the perfect/imperfect aspect is lexically inherent, so that past perfect is replaced by simple past tense of a perfective verb.
 +
 +Czech past tense is formed by **past participle** of the main verb and (in 1st and 2nd person only) present form of the auxiliary verb //být//. The participle is decoded with ''tense = past''.
 +
 +| Person | Number |
 +| | Singular | Plural|
 +| 1st | //nesl jsem// | //nesli jsme// |
 +| 2nd | //nesl jsi// | //nesli jste// |
 +| 3rd | //nesl// | //nesli// |
 +
 +German imperfect past tense //(Präteritum)// is formed synthetically. Perfect past tense //(Perfekt)// is formed analytically by present form of the auxiliary verb //haben// and past participle of the main verb. Pluperfect past tense //(Plusquamperfekt)// is formed analytically by imperfect past form of the auxiliary verb //haben// or //sein// and past participle of the main verb. The imperfect past forms and the participle are decoded with ''tense = past''.
 +
 +| Person | Imperfect | | Perfect | | Pluperfect |
 +| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
 +| 1st | //ich machte// | //wir machten// | //ich habe gemacht// | //wir haben gemacht// | //ich hatte gemacht// | //wir hatten gemacht// |
 +| 2nd | //du machtest// | //ihr machtet// | //du hast gemacht// | //ihr habt gemacht// | //du hattest gemacht// | //ihr hattet gemacht// |
 +| 3rd | //er machte// | //sie machten// | //er hat gemacht// | //sie haben gemacht// | //er hatte gemacht// | //sie hatten gemacht// |
 +
 +The same holds for English:
 +
 +| Person | Imperfect | | Perfect | | Pluperfect |
 +| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
 +| 1st | //I did// | //we did// | //I have done// | //we have done// | //I had done// | //we had done// |
 +| 2nd | //you did// | //you did// | //you have done// | //you have done// | //you had done// | //you had done// |
 +| 3rd | //he did// | //they did// | //he has done// | //they have done// | //he had done// | //they had done// |
 +
 +In Portuguese, three of five past tenses are synthetic and two are analytic. All three are decoded as ''tense = past''. They have to be further distinguished by the values of subtense. //Imperfeito// (imperfect) is decoded as ''subtense = imp''. //Pretérito// (preterite) is decoded as ??? //Mais-que-perfeito// (pluperfect) is decoded as ''subtense = pqp''. Analytic tenses are //perfeito// (perfect), //tenho caçado//, auxiliary in present and past participle, and another form of //mais-que-perfeito// (pluperfect), //tinha caçado//, auxiliary in imperfect and past participle.
 +
 +preterite = préteritum = minulý čas
 +imperfect = imperfektum = souminulý čas
 +perfect (present perfect) = perfektum = předpřítomný čas
 +pluperfect (past perfect) = pluskvamperfektum = předminulý čas
 +aorist = aorist
 +
 +| Person | Pretérito | | Imperfeito | | Mais-que-perfeito |
 +| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
 +| 1st | //cacei// | //caçámos// | //caçava// | //caçávamos// | //caçara// | //caçáramos// |
 +| 2nd | //caçaste// | | //caçavas// | | //caçaras// | |
 +| 3rd | //caçou// | //caçaram// | //caçava// | //caçavam// | //caçara// | //caçaram// |
 +
 +===== Preterite =====
 +
 +This is the default past tense. Grammars of some languages call it just "past" or "simple past". Often synthetic. Simply indicates an action that took place in past. No information whether the action has been completed or whether it ran simultaneously with another action.
 +
 +German example: //Präteritum// of //singen// (to sing):
 +
 +| Person | Number |
 +| | Singular | Plural|
 +| 1st | //ich sang// | //wir sangen// |
 +| 2nd | //du sangst// | //ihr sangt// |
 +| 3rd | //er sang// | //sie sangen// |
 +
 +English example: //past tense// of //to sing//:
 +
 +| Person | Number |
 +| | Singular | Plural |
 +| 1st | //I sang// | //we sang// |
 +| 2nd | //you sang// | //you sang// |
 +| 3rd | //he sang// | //they sang// |
 +
 +Portuguese example: //pretérito// of //caçar//:
 +
 +| Person | Number |
 +| | Singular | Plural |
 +| 1st | //cacei// | //caçámos// |
 +| 2nd | //caçaste// | |
 +| 3rd | //caçou// | //caçaram// |
 +
 +DZ Interset decoding: ''tense = "past"; subtense = "";''
 +
 +===== Imperfect =====
 +
 +Czech term: //souminulý čas//. Indicates that the action was tooking place at the same time as some other action in past, similarly to the English construction //I was doing//. The English construction is analytic, made of past (preterite) of the auxiliary //to be//, and of present participle (gerund) of the main verb. However, there are languages with synthetic imperfect forms.
 +
 +Portuguese example: //imperfeito// of //cantar// (to sing):
 +
 +| Person | Number |
 +| | Singular | Plural |
 +| 1st | //cantava// | //cantávamos// |
 +| 2nd | //cantavas// | |
 +| 3rd | //cantava// | //cantavam// |
 +
 +Spanish example: //imperfecto// of //cantar// (to sing):
 +
 +| Person | Number |
 +| | Singular | Plural |
 +| 1st | //cantaba// | //cantabamos// |
 +| 2nd | //cantabas// | //cantábais// |
 +| 3rd | //cantaba// | //cantaban// |
 +
 +Bulgarian example: imperfect is opposed to aorist. Imperfect forms end in //-ше//, //-ах//, //-аха//, //-ях// or //-яха//.
 +
 +DZ Interset decoding: ''tense = "past"; subtense = "imp";''
 +

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