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user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/04 18:03] zeman Finite verbs. |
user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/05 10:10] zeman Aorist. |
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* Swedish infinitive mark is //att// | * Swedish infinitive mark is //att// | ||
- | In DZ Interset, infinitive is decoded as '' | + | In DZ Interset, infinitive is decoded as '' |
===== Finite ===== | ===== Finite ===== | ||
Line 58: | Line 58: | ||
Opposed to finite verbs are non-finite verb forms, namely infinitive, supine, participle, transgressive and gerund. | Opposed to finite verbs are non-finite verb forms, namely infinitive, supine, participle, transgressive and gerund. | ||
+ | |||
+ | In DZ Interset, finite verb form is decoded as '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Indicative ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Verbs in indicative mood merely indicate that someone performs / has performed / will perform the action of the verb. Opposed to indicative is imperative (the verb orders the listener to perform the action) and various conditional constructions (the action would be performed if...) | ||
+ | |||
+ | There is a multitude of indicative verb forms, classified according to tense (**present**, | ||
+ | |||
+ | In DZ Interset, indicative is decoded as '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Present ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Verbs in present tense indicate an action that is taking place at the time of speaking, or in a general timespan (" | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural| | ||
+ | | 1st | //nesu// | //neseme// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //neseš// | //nesete// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //nese// | //nesou// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | In DZ Interset, present tense is decoded as '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Czech verbs are divided lexically to **perfective** and **imperfective.** Present tense forms of perfective verbs are in fact forms of **future** tense. If the physical tagset encodes these forms as present, they will be decoded into Interset as '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | The English **progressive present** tense (//he is doing//) is formed analytically by the simple present form of the auxiliary verb //to be// and the **present participle (gerund)** of the main verb. There is thus no Interset feature value for this tense. See participle and gerund. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Past ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Simple past indicates action that took place in past. Some languages (e.g. Czech) have only this one past tense. Others have more refined tense system that allow to express whether the action has been completed (**perfect**) or not (**imperfect**), | ||
+ | |||
+ | Czech past tense is formed by **past participle** of the main verb and (in 1st and 2nd person only) present form of the auxiliary verb //být//. The participle is decoded with '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural| | ||
+ | | 1st | //nesl jsem// | //nesli jsme// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //nesl jsi// | //nesli jste// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //nesl// | //nesli// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | German imperfect past tense // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Imperfect | | Perfect | | Pluperfect | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //ich machte// | //wir machten// | //ich habe gemacht// | //wir haben gemacht// | //ich hatte gemacht// | //wir hatten gemacht// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //du machtest// | //ihr machtet// | //du hast gemacht// | //ihr habt gemacht// | //du hattest gemacht// | //ihr hattet gemacht// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //er machte// | //sie machten// | //er hat gemacht// | //sie haben gemacht// | //er hatte gemacht// | //sie hatten gemacht// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | The same holds for English: | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Imperfect | | Perfect | | Pluperfect | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //I did// | //we did// | //I have done// | //we have done// | //I had done// | //we had done// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //you did// | //you did// | //you have done// | //you have done// | //you had done// | //you had done// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //he did// | //they did// | //he has done// | //they have done// | //he had done// | //they had done// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | In Portuguese, three of five past tenses are synthetic and two are analytic. All three are decoded as '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | preterite = préteritum = minulý čas | ||
+ | imperfect = imperfektum = souminulý čas | ||
+ | perfect (present perfect) = perfektum = předpřítomný čas | ||
+ | pluperfect (past perfect) = pluskvamperfektum = předminulý čas | ||
+ | aorist = aorist | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Pretérito | | Imperfeito | | Mais-que-perfeito | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //cacei// | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | //caçou// | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Preterite ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | This is the default past tense. Grammars of some languages call it just " | ||
+ | |||
+ | German example: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural| | ||
+ | | 1st | //ich sang// | //wir sangen// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //du sangst// | //ihr sangt// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //er sang// | //sie sangen// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | English example: //past tense// of //to sing//: | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //I sang// | //we sang// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //you sang// | //you sang// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //he sang// | //they sang// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Portuguese example: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //cacei// | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | //caçou// | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | DZ Interset decoding: '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Aorist ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | The simple, aspect-neutral past tense is called //aorist// in some languages, e.g. in Bulgarian. So far I have not come across differences between aorist and preterite, nor have I found a tagset/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Bulgarian (http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example: aorist forms of the Bulgarian verb // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | DZ Interset decoding: '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Aorist has almost vanished from Czech. The only survivors are aorist forms of the auxiliary verb //být// (to be): | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //bych// | //bychom// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //bys// | //byste// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //by// | //by// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Since these forms are today used exclusively to construct analytic forms of **conditional**, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Imperfect ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Czech term: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | Portuguese example: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //cantava// | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | //cantava// | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | Spanish example: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //cantaba// | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | //cantaba// | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | Bulgarian (http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Both imperfective and perfective verbs have past imperfect tense. They are conjugated in the same way. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Verbs form the past imperfect tense with the following endings. Example: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | DZ Interset decoding: '' | ||
+ |