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--- user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/04 19:02]
zeman Past.
+++ user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/05 00:02]
zeman
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 Simple past indicates action that took place in past. Some languages (e.g. Czech) have only this one past tense. Others have more refined tense system that allow to express whether the action has been completed (**perfect**) or not (**imperfect**), whether it was running while something else was being done etc. In Czech however, the perfect/imperfect aspect is lexically inherent, so that past perfect is replaced by simple past tense of a perfective verb.
+Czech past tense is formed by **past participle** of the main verb and (in 1st and 2nd person only) present form of the auxiliary verb //být//. The participle is decoded with ''tense = past''.
+| Person | Number |
+| | Singular | Plural|
+| 1st | //nesl jsem// | //nesli jsme// |
+| 2nd | //nesl jsi// | //nesli jste// |
+| 3rd | //nesl// | //nesli// |
+German imperfect past tense //(Präteritum)// is formed synthetically. Perfect past tense //(Perfekt)// is formed analytically by present form of the auxiliary verb //haben// and past participle of the main verb. Pluperfect past tense //(Plusquamperfekt)// is formed analytically by imperfect past form of the auxiliary verb //haben// or //sein// and past participle of the main verb. The imperfect past forms and the participle are decoded with ''tense = past''.
+| Person | Imperfect | | Perfect | | Pluperfect |
+| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
+| 1st | //ich machte// | //wir machten// | //ich habe gemacht// | //wir haben gemacht// | //ich hatte gemacht// | //wir hatten gemacht// |
+| 2nd | //du machtest// | //ihr machtet// | //du hast gemacht// | //ihr habt gemacht// | //du hattest gemacht// | //ihr hattet gemacht// |
+| 3rd | //er machte// | //sie machten// | //er hat gemacht// | //sie haben gemacht// | //er hatte gemacht// | //sie hatten gemacht// |
+The same holds for English:
+| Person | Imperfect | | Perfect | | Pluperfect |
+| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
+| 1st | //I did// | //we did// | //I have done// | //we have done// | //I had done// | //we had done// |
+| 2nd | //you did// | //you did// | //you have done// | //you have done// | //you had done// | //you had done// |
+| 3rd | //he did// | //they did// | //he has done// | //they have done// | //he had done// | //they had done// |
+In Portuguese, three of five past tenses are synthetic and two are analytic. All three are decoded as ''tense = past''. They have to be further distinguished by the values of subtense. //Imperfeito// (imperfect) is decoded as ''subtense = imp''. //Pretérito// (preterite) is decoded as ??? //Mais-que-perfeito// (pluperfect) is decoded as ''subtense = pqp''. Analytic tenses are //perfeito// (perfect), //tenho caçado//, auxiliary in present and past participle, and another form of //mais-que-perfeito// (pluperfect), //tinha caçado//, auxiliary in imperfect and past participle.
+preterite = préteritum = minulý čas
+imperfect = imperfektum = souminulý čas
+perfect (present perfect) = perfektum = předpřítomný čas
+pluperfect (past perfect) = pluskvamperfektum = předminulý čas
+aorist = aorist
+| Person | Pretérito | | Imperfeito | | Mais-que-perfeito |
+| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
+| 1st | //cacei// | //caçámos// | //caçava// | //caçávamos// | //caçara// | //caçáramos// |
+| 2nd | //caçaste// | | //caçavas// | | //caçaras// | |
+| 3rd | //caçou// | //caçaram// | //caçava// | //caçavam// | //caçara// | //caçaram// |
+===== Preterite =====
+This is the default past tense. Grammars of some languages call it just "past" or "simple past". Often synthetic. Simply indicates an action that took place in past. No information whether the action has been completed or whether it ran simultaneously with another action.
+German example: //Präteritum// of //singen// (to sing):
+| Person | Number |
+| | Singular | Plural|
+| 1st | //ich sang// | //wir sangen// |
+| 2nd | //du sangst// | //ihr sangt// |
+| 3rd | //er sang// | //sie sangen// |
+English example: //past tense// of //to sing//:
+| Person | Number |
+| | Singular | Plural |
+| 1st | //I sang// | //we sang// |
+| 2nd | //you sang// | //you sang// |
+| 3rd | //he sang// | //they sang// |
+Portuguese example: //pretérito// of //caçar//:
+| Person | Number |
+| | Singular | Plural |
+| 1st | //cacei// | //caçámos// |
+| 2nd | //caçaste// | |
+| 3rd | //caçou// | //caçaram// |
+DZ Interset decoding: ''tense = "past"; subtense = "";''
+===== Imperfect =====
+Czech term: //souminulý čas//. Indicates that the action was tooking place at the same time as some other action in past, similarly to the English construction //I was doing//. The English construction is analytic, made of past (preterite) of the auxiliary //to be//, and of present participle (gerund) of the main verb. However, there are languages with synthetic imperfect forms.
+Portuguese example: //imperfeito// of //cantar// (to sing):
+| Person | Number |
+| | Singular | Plural |
+| 1st | //cantava// | //cantávamos// |
+| 2nd | //cantavas// | |
+| 3rd | //cantava// | //cantavam// |
+Spanish example: //imperfecto// of //cantar// (to sing):
+| Person | Number |
+| | Singular | Plural |
+| 1st | //cantaba// | //cantabamos// |
+| 2nd | //cantabas// | //cantábais// |
+| 3rd | //cantaba// | //cantaban// |
+Bulgarian example: imperfect is opposed to aorist. Imperfect forms end in //-ше//, //-ах//, //-аха//, //-ях// or //-яха//.
+DZ Interset decoding: ''tense = "past"; subtense = "imp";''

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