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user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/04 19:02] zeman Past. |
user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/05 10:10] zeman Aorist. |
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Simple past indicates action that took place in past. Some languages (e.g. Czech) have only this one past tense. Others have more refined tense system that allow to express whether the action has been completed (**perfect**) or not (**imperfect**), | Simple past indicates action that took place in past. Some languages (e.g. Czech) have only this one past tense. Others have more refined tense system that allow to express whether the action has been completed (**perfect**) or not (**imperfect**), | ||
+ | |||
+ | Czech past tense is formed by **past participle** of the main verb and (in 1st and 2nd person only) present form of the auxiliary verb //být//. The participle is decoded with '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural| | ||
+ | | 1st | //nesl jsem// | //nesli jsme// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //nesl jsi// | //nesli jste// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //nesl// | //nesli// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | German imperfect past tense // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Imperfect | | Perfect | | Pluperfect | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //ich machte// | //wir machten// | //ich habe gemacht// | //wir haben gemacht// | //ich hatte gemacht// | //wir hatten gemacht// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //du machtest// | //ihr machtet// | //du hast gemacht// | //ihr habt gemacht// | //du hattest gemacht// | //ihr hattet gemacht// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //er machte// | //sie machten// | //er hat gemacht// | //sie haben gemacht// | //er hatte gemacht// | //sie hatten gemacht// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | The same holds for English: | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Imperfect | | Perfect | | Pluperfect | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //I did// | //we did// | //I have done// | //we have done// | //I had done// | //we had done// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //you did// | //you did// | //you have done// | //you have done// | //you had done// | //you had done// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //he did// | //they did// | //he has done// | //they have done// | //he had done// | //they had done// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | In Portuguese, three of five past tenses are synthetic and two are analytic. All three are decoded as '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | preterite = préteritum = minulý čas | ||
+ | imperfect = imperfektum = souminulý čas | ||
+ | perfect (present perfect) = perfektum = předpřítomný čas | ||
+ | pluperfect (past perfect) = pluskvamperfektum = předminulý čas | ||
+ | aorist = aorist | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Pretérito | | Imperfeito | | Mais-que-perfeito | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //cacei// | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | //caçou// | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Preterite ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | This is the default past tense. Grammars of some languages call it just " | ||
+ | |||
+ | German example: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural| | ||
+ | | 1st | //ich sang// | //wir sangen// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //du sangst// | //ihr sangt// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //er sang// | //sie sangen// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | English example: //past tense// of //to sing//: | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //I sang// | //we sang// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //you sang// | //you sang// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //he sang// | //they sang// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Portuguese example: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //cacei// | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | //caçou// | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | DZ Interset decoding: '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Aorist ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | The simple, aspect-neutral past tense is called //aorist// in some languages, e.g. in Bulgarian. So far I have not come across differences between aorist and preterite, nor have I found a tagset/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Bulgarian (http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example: aorist forms of the Bulgarian verb // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | DZ Interset decoding: '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Aorist has almost vanished from Czech. The only survivors are aorist forms of the auxiliary verb //být// (to be): | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //bych// | //bychom// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //bys// | //byste// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //by// | //by// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Since these forms are today used exclusively to construct analytic forms of **conditional**, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Imperfect ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Czech term: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | Portuguese example: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //cantava// | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | //cantava// | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | Spanish example: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //cantaba// | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | //cantaba// | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | Bulgarian (http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Both imperfective and perfective verbs have past imperfect tense. They are conjugated in the same way. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Verbs form the past imperfect tense with the following endings. Example: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | DZ Interset decoding: '' | ||
+ |