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user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/04 19:41] zeman |
user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/05 10:10] zeman Aorist. |
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| 3rd | //nesl// | //nesli// | | | 3rd | //nesl// | //nesli// | | ||
- | German imperfect past tense // | + | German imperfect past tense // |
| Person | Imperfect | | Perfect | | Pluperfect | | | Person | Imperfect | | Perfect | | Pluperfect | | ||
Line 104: | Line 104: | ||
| 2nd | //du machtest// | //ihr machtet// | //du hast gemacht// | //ihr habt gemacht// | //du hattest gemacht// | //ihr hattet gemacht// | | | 2nd | //du machtest// | //ihr machtet// | //du hast gemacht// | //ihr habt gemacht// | //du hattest gemacht// | //ihr hattet gemacht// | | ||
| 3rd | //er machte// | //sie machten// | //er hat gemacht// | //sie haben gemacht// | //er hatte gemacht// | //sie hatten gemacht// | | | 3rd | //er machte// | //sie machten// | //er hat gemacht// | //sie haben gemacht// | //er hatte gemacht// | //sie hatten gemacht// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | The same holds for English: | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Imperfect | | Perfect | | Pluperfect | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //I did// | //we did// | //I have done// | //we have done// | //I had done// | //we had done// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //you did// | //you did// | //you have done// | //you have done// | //you had done// | //you had done// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //he did// | //they did// | //he has done// | //they have done// | //he had done// | //they had done// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | In Portuguese, three of five past tenses are synthetic and two are analytic. All three are decoded as '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | preterite = préteritum = minulý čas | ||
+ | imperfect = imperfektum = souminulý čas | ||
+ | perfect (present perfect) = perfektum = předpřítomný čas | ||
+ | pluperfect (past perfect) = pluskvamperfektum = předminulý čas | ||
+ | aorist = aorist | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Pretérito | | Imperfeito | | Mais-que-perfeito | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //cacei// | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | //caçou// | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Preterite ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | This is the default past tense. Grammars of some languages call it just " | ||
+ | |||
+ | German example: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural| | ||
+ | | 1st | //ich sang// | //wir sangen// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //du sangst// | //ihr sangt// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //er sang// | //sie sangen// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | English example: //past tense// of //to sing//: | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //I sang// | //we sang// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //you sang// | //you sang// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //he sang// | //they sang// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Portuguese example: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //cacei// | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | //caçou// | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | DZ Interset decoding: '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Aorist ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | The simple, aspect-neutral past tense is called //aorist// in some languages, e.g. in Bulgarian. So far I have not come across differences between aorist and preterite, nor have I found a tagset/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Bulgarian (http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example: aorist forms of the Bulgarian verb // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | DZ Interset decoding: '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Aorist has almost vanished from Czech. The only survivors are aorist forms of the auxiliary verb //být// (to be): | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //bych// | //bychom// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //bys// | //byste// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //by// | //by// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Since these forms are today used exclusively to construct analytic forms of **conditional**, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Imperfect ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Czech term: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | Portuguese example: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //cantava// | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | //cantava// | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | Spanish example: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //cantaba// | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | //cantaba// | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | Bulgarian (http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Both imperfective and perfective verbs have past imperfect tense. They are conjugated in the same way. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Verbs form the past imperfect tense with the following endings. Example: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | DZ Interset decoding: '' | ||