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user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/04 20:23]
zeman 		user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/05 09:25]
zeman Aorist.
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 | 2nd | //you did// | //you did// | //you have done// | //you have done// | //you had done// | //you had done// | | 2nd | //you did// | //you did// | //you have done// | //you have done// | //you had done// | //you had done// |
 | 3rd | //he did// | //they did// | //he has done// | //they have done// | //he had done// | //they had done// | | 3rd | //he did// | //they did// | //he has done// | //they have done// | //he had done// | //they had done// |
 +
 +In Portuguese, three of five past tenses are synthetic and two are analytic. All three are decoded as ''tense = past''. They have to be further distinguished by the values of subtense. //Imperfeito// (imperfect) is decoded as ''subtense = imp''. //Pretérito// (preterite) is decoded as ??? //Mais-que-perfeito// (pluperfect) is decoded as ''subtense = pqp''. Analytic tenses are //perfeito// (perfect), //tenho caçado//, auxiliary in present and past participle, and another form of //mais-que-perfeito// (pluperfect), //tinha caçado//, auxiliary in imperfect and past participle.
 +
 +preterite = préteritum = minulý čas
 +imperfect = imperfektum = souminulý čas
 +perfect (present perfect) = perfektum = předpřítomný čas
 +pluperfect (past perfect) = pluskvamperfektum = předminulý čas
 +aorist = aorist
 +
 +| Person | Pretérito | | Imperfeito | | Mais-que-perfeito |
 +| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
 +| 1st | //cacei// | //caçámos// | //caçava// | //caçávamos// | //caçara// | //caçáramos// |
 +| 2nd | //caçaste// | | //caçavas// | | //caçaras// | |
 +| 3rd | //caçou// | //caçaram// | //caçava// | //caçavam// | //caçara// | //caçaram// |
 +
 +===== Preterite =====
 +
 +This is the default past tense. Grammars of some languages call it just "past" or "simple past". Often synthetic. Simply indicates an action that took place in past. No information whether the action has been completed or whether it ran simultaneously with another action.
 +
 +German example: //Präteritum// of //singen// (to sing):
 +
 +| Person | Number |
 +| | Singular | Plural|
 +| 1st | //ich sang// | //wir sangen// |
 +| 2nd | //du sangst// | //ihr sangt// |
 +| 3rd | //er sang// | //sie sangen// |
 +
 +English example: //past tense// of //to sing//:
 +
 +| Person | Number |
 +| | Singular | Plural |
 +| 1st | //I sang// | //we sang// |
 +| 2nd | //you sang// | //you sang// |
 +| 3rd | //he sang// | //they sang// |
 +
 +Portuguese example: //pretérito// of //caçar//:
 +
 +| Person | Number |
 +| | Singular | Plural |
 +| 1st | //cacei// | //caçámos// |
 +| 2nd | //caçaste// | |
 +| 3rd | //caçou// | //caçaram// |
 +
 +DZ Interset decoding: ''tense = "past"; subtense = "";''
 +
 +===== Aorist =====
 +
 +The simple, aspect-neutral past tense is called //aorist// in some languages, e.g. in Bulgarian. So far I have not come across differences between aorist and preterite, nor have I found a tagset/language where both these tenses would co-exist.
 +
 +Bulgarian (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_verbs#Past_Aorist_Tense_.28Aoristus.29): Past aorist tense (Минало свършено време) expresses an action that happened at a specific time in the past. Both imperfective and perfective verbs have such tense (there is no difference in their conjugation). Although imperfective and perfective verbs are conjugated in the same way in the past aorist tense, there is difference in their meaning. Compare the sentences: //Вчера четох една книга// (aorist of imperfective verb) = "Yesterday, I read a book but I didn't finish it"; //Вчера прочетох една книга// (aorist of perfective verb) = "Yesterday, I finished reading a book/I read a whole book." The same meaning difference holds for the preterite of Czech imperfective and perfective verbs: //Včera jsem četl jednu knihu// vs. //Včera jsem přečetl jednu knihu.//
 +
 +Example: aorist forms of the Bulgarian verb //чете// (to read):
 +
 +| Person | Number |
 +| | Singular | Plural |
 +| 1st | //четох// | //четохме// |
 +| 2nd | //чете// | //четохте// |
 +| 3rd | //чете// | //четоха// |
 +
 +DZ Interset decoding: ''tense = "past"; subtense = "aor";'' If we decide that aorist is the same tense as preterite we should handle them both the same way, i.e. ''tense = "past"; subtense = "";''.
 +
 +Aorist has almost vanished from Czech. The only survivors are aorist forms of the auxiliary verb //být// (to be):
 +
 +| Person | Number |
 +| | Singular | Plural |
 +| 1st | //bych// | //bychom// |
 +| 2nd | //bys// | //byste// |
 +| 3rd | //by// | //by// |
 +
 +Since these forms are today used exclusively to construct analytic forms of **conditional**, they are decoded as conditional / subjunctive: ''mood = "sub"''.
 +
 +===== Imperfect =====
 +
 +Czech term: //souminulý čas//. Indicates that the action was taking place at the same time as some other action in past, similarly to the English construction //I was doing//. The English construction is analytic, made of past (preterite) of the auxiliary //to be//, and of present participle (gerund) of the main verb. However, there are languages with synthetic imperfect forms.
 +
 +Portuguese example: //imperfeito// of //cantar// (to sing):
 +
 +| Person | Number |
 +| | Singular | Plural |
 +| 1st | //cantava// | //cantávamos// |
 +| 2nd | //cantavas// | |
 +| 3rd | //cantava// | //cantavam// |
 +
 +Spanish example: //imperfecto// of //cantar// (to sing):
 +
 +| Person | Number |
 +| | Singular | Plural |
 +| 1st | //cantaba// | //cantabamos// |
 +| 2nd | //cantabas// | //cantábais// |
 +| 3rd | //cantaba// | //cantaban// |
 +
 +Bulgarian (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_verbs#Past_Imperfect_Tense_.28Imperfectum.29): Past Imperfect Tense //(Минало несвършено време)// is used to talk about a temporary situation that existed at or around a particular time in the past. It also expresses past actions that were frequent, repeated, permanent or always true. Its most common use is in story telling to provide a background to other actions which are usually expressed with verbs in the past aorist. In this use it means that the action had begun and was in progress when the other action(s) happened, we don't know whether it stopped or not.
 +
 +Both imperfective and perfective verbs have past imperfect tense. They are conjugated in the same way.
 +
 +Verbs form the past imperfect tense with the following endings. Example: //чете// (to read):
 +
 +| Person | Number |
 +| | Singular | Plural |
 +| 1st | //четях// | //четяхме// |
 +| 2nd | //четеше// | //четяхте// |
 +| 3rd | //четеше// | //четяха// |
 +
 +DZ Interset decoding: ''tense = "past"; subtense = "imp";''
  

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