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user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/04 23:22] zeman Preterite. |
user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/05 10:58] zeman Perfect. |
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Simple past indicates action that took place in past. Some languages (e.g. Czech) have only this one past tense. Others have more refined tense system that allow to express whether the action has been completed (**perfect**) or not (**imperfect**), | Simple past indicates action that took place in past. Some languages (e.g. Czech) have only this one past tense. Others have more refined tense system that allow to express whether the action has been completed (**perfect**) or not (**imperfect**), | ||
- | Czech past tense is formed by **past participle** of the main verb and (in 1st and 2nd person only) present form of the auxiliary verb //být//. The participle is decoded with '' | + | Czech past tense is formed by **past participle** of the main verb and (in 1st and 2nd person only) present form of the auxiliary verb //být//. The participle is decoded with '' |
| Person | Number | | | Person | Number | | ||
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In Portuguese, three of five past tenses are synthetic and two are analytic. All three are decoded as '' | In Portuguese, three of five past tenses are synthetic and two are analytic. All three are decoded as '' | ||
- | |||
- | preterite = préteritum = minulý čas | ||
- | imperfect = imperfektum = souminulý čas | ||
- | perfect (present perfect) = perfektum = předpřítomný čas | ||
- | pluperfect (past perfect) = pluskvamperfektum = předminulý čas | ||
- | aorist = aorist | ||
| Person | Pretérito | | Imperfeito | | Mais-que-perfeito | | | Person | Pretérito | | Imperfeito | | Mais-que-perfeito | | ||
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| 3rd | //caçou// | // | | 3rd | //caçou// | // | ||
- | DZ Interset decoding: '' | + | DZ Interset decoding: '' |
+ | |||
+ | ===== Aorist ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | The simple, aspect-neutral past tense is called //aorist// in some languages, e.g. in Bulgarian. So far I have not come across differences between aorist and preterite, nor have I found a tagset/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Bulgarian (http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example: aorist forms of the Bulgarian verb // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | DZ Interset decoding: '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Aorist has almost vanished from Czech. The only survivors are aorist forms of the auxiliary verb //být// (to be): | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //bych// | //bychom// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //bys// | //byste// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //by// | //by// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Since these forms are today used exclusively to construct analytic forms of **conditional**, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Imperfect ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Czech term: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | Portuguese example: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //cantava// | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | //cantava// | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | Spanish example: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //cantaba// | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | //cantaba// | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | Bulgarian (http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Both imperfective and perfective verbs have past imperfect tense. They are conjugated in the same way. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Verbs form the past imperfect tense with the following endings. Example: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | DZ Interset decoding: '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Perfect ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Czech term: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | Perfect is usually created analytically and thus there is no feature value denoting it. Typical formation is using present tense of an auxiliary and past participle (perfect participle) of the main verb. | ||
+ | |||
+ | DZ Interset decoding: auxiliary: '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example: present perfect of the English verb //to do//: | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //I have done// | //we have done// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //you have done// | //you have done// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //he has done// | //they have done// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example: present perfect of the German verb //machen// (to do): | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //ich habe gemacht// | //wir haben gemacht// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //du hast gemacht// | //ihr habt gemacht// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //er hat gemacht// | //sie haben gemacht// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example: present perfect // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Number | Singular | | Plural | | | ||
+ | | Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Masculine | Feminine | | ||
+ | | Person | | | | | | ||
+ | | 1st | //tenho cantado// | //tenho cantada// | //temos cantados// | //temos cantadas// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //tens cantado// | //tens cantada// | | | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //tem cantado// | //tem cantada// | //têm cantados// | //têm cantadas// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example: present perfect (минало неопределено време, past indefinite tense) of the Bulgarian verb // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Number | Singular | | | Plural | | ||
+ | | Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | | | ||
+ | | Person | | | | | | ||
+ | | 1st | //чел съм// | //чела съм// | //чело съм// | //чели сме// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //чел си// | //чела си// | //чело си// | //чели сте// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //чел е// | //чела е// | //чело е// | //чели са// | | ||