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user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/05 00:02]
zeman |
user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/05 10:10]
zeman Aorist. |
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| DZ Interset decoding: ''tense = "past"; subtense = "";'' | DZ Interset decoding: ''tense = "past"; subtense = "";'' |
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| | ===== Aorist ===== |
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| | The simple, aspect-neutral past tense is called //aorist// in some languages, e.g. in Bulgarian. So far I have not come across differences between aorist and preterite, nor have I found a tagset/language where both these tenses would co-exist. The German preterite, for instance, displays usage pattern typical to aorist, although it is not called aorist. |
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| | Bulgarian (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_verbs#Past_Aorist_Tense_.28Aoristus.29): Past aorist tense (Минало свършено време) expresses an action that happened at a specific time in the past. Both imperfective and perfective verbs have such tense (there is no difference in their conjugation). Although imperfective and perfective verbs are conjugated in the same way in the past aorist tense, there is difference in their meaning. Compare the sentences: //Вчера четох една книга// (aorist of imperfective verb) = "Yesterday, I read a book but I didn't finish it"; //Вчера прочетох една книга// (aorist of perfective verb) = "Yesterday, I finished reading a book/I read a whole book." The same meaning difference holds for the preterite of Czech imperfective and perfective verbs: //Včera jsem četl jednu knihu// vs. //Včera jsem přečetl jednu knihu.// |
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| | Example: aorist forms of the Bulgarian verb //чете// (to read): |
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| | | Person | Number | |
| | | | Singular | Plural | |
| | | 1st | //четох// | //четохме// | |
| | | 2nd | //чете// | //четохте// | |
| | | 3rd | //чете// | //четоха// | |
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| | DZ Interset decoding: ''tense = "past"; subtense = "aor";'' If we decide that aorist is the same tense as preterite we should handle them both the same way, i.e. ''tense = "past"; subtense = "";''. |
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| | Aorist has almost vanished from Czech. The only survivors are aorist forms of the auxiliary verb //být// (to be): |
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| | | Person | Number | |
| | | | Singular | Plural | |
| | | 1st | //bych// | //bychom// | |
| | | 2nd | //bys// | //byste// | |
| | | 3rd | //by// | //by// | |
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| | Since these forms are today used exclusively to construct analytic forms of **conditional**, they are decoded as conditional / subjunctive: ''mood = "sub"''. |
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| ===== Imperfect ===== | ===== Imperfect ===== |
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| Czech term: //souminulý čas//. Indicates that the action was tooking place at the same time as some other action in past, similarly to the English construction //I was doing//. The English construction is analytic, made of past (preterite) of the auxiliary //to be//, and of present participle (gerund) of the main verb. However, there are languages with synthetic imperfect forms. | Czech term: //souminulý čas//. Indicates that the action was taking place at the same time as some other action in past, similarly to the English construction //I was doing//. The English construction is analytic, made of past (preterite) of the auxiliary //to be//, and of present participle (gerund) of the main verb. However, there are languages with synthetic imperfect forms. |
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| Portuguese example: //imperfeito// of //cantar// (to sing): | Portuguese example: //imperfeito// of //cantar// (to sing): |
| | 3rd | //cantaba// | //cantaban// | | | 3rd | //cantaba// | //cantaban// | |
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| Bulgarian example: imperfect is opposed to aorist. Imperfect forms end in //-ше//, //-ах//, //-аха//, //-ях// or //-яха//. | Bulgarian (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_verbs#Past_Imperfect_Tense_.28Imperfectum.29): Past Imperfect Tense //(Минало несвършено време)// is used to talk about a temporary situation that existed at or around a particular time in the past. It also expresses past actions that were frequent, repeated, permanent or always true. Its most common use is in story telling to provide a background to other actions which are usually expressed with verbs in the past aorist. In this use it means that the action had begun and was in progress when the other action(s) happened, we don't know whether it stopped or not. |
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| | Both imperfective and perfective verbs have past imperfect tense. They are conjugated in the same way. |
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| | Verbs form the past imperfect tense with the following endings. Example: //чете// (to read): |
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| | | Person | Number | |
| | | | Singular | Plural | |
| | | 1st | //четях// | //четяхме// | |
| | | 2nd | //четеше// | //четяхте// | |
| | | 3rd | //четеше// | //четяха// | |
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| DZ Interset decoding: ''tense = "past"; subtense = "imp";'' | DZ Interset decoding: ''tense = "past"; subtense = "imp";'' |
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