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user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/05 00:19] zeman Imperfect. |
user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/05 12:44] zeman Pluperfect. |
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Simple past indicates action that took place in past. Some languages (e.g. Czech) have only this one past tense. Others have more refined tense system that allow to express whether the action has been completed (**perfect**) or not (**imperfect**), | Simple past indicates action that took place in past. Some languages (e.g. Czech) have only this one past tense. Others have more refined tense system that allow to express whether the action has been completed (**perfect**) or not (**imperfect**), | ||
- | Czech past tense is formed by **past participle** of the main verb and (in 1st and 2nd person only) present form of the auxiliary verb //být//. The participle is decoded with '' | + | Czech past tense is formed by **past participle** of the main verb and (in 1st and 2nd person only) present form of the auxiliary verb //být//. The participle is decoded with '' |
| Person | Number | | | Person | Number | | ||
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In Portuguese, three of five past tenses are synthetic and two are analytic. All three are decoded as '' | In Portuguese, three of five past tenses are synthetic and two are analytic. All three are decoded as '' | ||
- | |||
- | preterite = préteritum = minulý čas | ||
- | imperfect = imperfektum = souminulý čas | ||
- | perfect (present perfect) = perfektum = předpřítomný čas | ||
- | pluperfect (past perfect) = pluskvamperfektum = předminulý čas | ||
- | aorist = aorist | ||
| Person | Pretérito | | Imperfeito | | Mais-que-perfeito | | | Person | Pretérito | | Imperfeito | | Mais-que-perfeito | | ||
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DZ Interset decoding: '' | DZ Interset decoding: '' | ||
+ | ===== Aorist ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | The simple, aspect-neutral past tense is called //aorist// in some languages, e.g. in Bulgarian. So far I have not come across differences between aorist and preterite, nor have I found a tagset/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Bulgarian (http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example: aorist forms of the Bulgarian verb // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | DZ Interset decoding: '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Aorist has almost vanished from Czech. The only survivors are aorist forms of the auxiliary verb //být// (to be): | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //bych// | //bychom// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //bys// | //byste// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //by// | //by// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Since these forms are today used exclusively to construct analytic forms of **conditional**, | ||
===== Imperfect ===== | ===== Imperfect ===== | ||
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DZ Interset decoding: '' | DZ Interset decoding: '' | ||
+ | ===== Perfect ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Czech term: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | Perfect is usually created analytically and thus there is no feature value denoting it. Typical formation is using present tense of an auxiliary and past participle (perfect participle) of the main verb. | ||
+ | |||
+ | DZ Interset decoding: auxiliary: '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example: present perfect of the English verb //to do//: | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //I have done// | //we have done// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //you have done// | //you have done// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //he has done// | //they have done// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example: present perfect of the German verb //machen// (to do): | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //ich habe gemacht// | //wir haben gemacht// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //du hast gemacht// | //ihr habt gemacht// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //er hat gemacht// | //sie haben gemacht// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example: present perfect // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Number | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | Person | | | | ||
+ | | 1st | //tenho cantado// | //temos cantado// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //tens cantado// | | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //tem cantado// | //têm cantado// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example: present perfect (минало неопределено време, past indefinite tense) of the Bulgarian verb // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Number | Singular | | | Plural | | ||
+ | | Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | | | ||
+ | | Person | | | | | | ||
+ | | 1st | //чел съм// | //чела съм// | //чело съм// | //чели сме// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //чел си// | //чела си// | //чело си// | //чели сте// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //чел е// | //чела е// | //чело е// | //чели са// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Pluperfect ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Czech term: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | Pluperfect is usually created analytically; | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example: past perfect of the English verb //to do//: | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //I had done// | //we had done// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //you had done// | //you had done// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //he had done// | //they had done// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example: past perfect (Plusquamperfekt) of the German verb //machen// (to do): | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //ich hatte gemacht// | //wir hatten gemacht// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //du hattest gemacht// | //ihr hattet gemacht// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //er hatte gemacht// | //sie hatten gemacht// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Portuguese pluperfect // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Number | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | Person | | | | ||
+ | | 1st | //tinha cantado// | //tínhamos cantado// | | ||
+ | | | //cantara// | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | //tinhas cantado// | | | ||
+ | | | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | //tinha cantado// | //tinham cantado// | | ||
+ | | | //cantara// | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example: past perfect (минало предварително време, past preliminary tense) of the Bulgarian verb // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Number | Singular | | | Plural | | ||
+ | | Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | | | ||
+ | | Person | | | | | | ||
+ | | 1st | //бях чел// | //бях чела// | //бях чело// | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | DZ Interset decoding of the analytic forms: auxiliary: '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Notes ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Portuguese | Spanish | Notes | | ||
+ | | imperfeito //(cantava, cantavas...)// | ||
+ | | pretérito //(cantei, cantaste...)// | ||
+ | | perfeito //(tenho cantado)// | pretérito perfecto compuesto //(he cantado, has cantado...)// | ||
+ | | mais-que-perfeito //(tinha cantado)// | pretérito pluscuamperfecto //(había cantado)// | předminulý čas / past perfect | | ||
+ | | | pretérito anterior //(hube cantado, hubiste cantado...)// | ||
+ | | mais-que-perfeito (simple) //(cantara, cantaras...)// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Participle in compound verb tenses has only one form //(ella ha cantado)//, in contrast to adjectival use where gender and number is distinguished //(casado hombre, casada mujer, casados hombres, casadas mujeres)//. Gerund // |