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--- user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/05 10:10]
zeman Aorist.
+++ user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/05 11:30]
zeman Corrected: Portuguese present perfect uses only one form of participle and does not distinguish gender.
@@ Line 89: / Line 89: @@
 Simple past indicates action that took place in past. Some languages (e.g. Czech) have only this one past tense. Others have more refined tense system that allow to express whether the action has been completed (**perfect**) or not (**imperfect**), whether it was running while something else was being done etc. In Czech however, the perfect/imperfect aspect is lexically inherent, so that past perfect is replaced by simple past tense of a perfective verb.
-Czech past tense is formed by **past participle** of the main verb and (in 1st and 2nd person only) present form of the auxiliary verb //být//. The participle is decoded with ''tense = past''.
+Czech past tense is formed by **past participle** of the main verb and (in 1st and 2nd person only) present form of the auxiliary verb //být//. The participle is decoded with ''tense = past''. (The Czech past tense is a **preterite** by usage, although its creation bears charactersitics of a **perfect,** from which it has historically evolved.)
 | Person | Number |
@@ Line 114: / Line 114: @@
 In Portuguese, three of five past tenses are synthetic and two are analytic. All three are decoded as ''tense = past''. They have to be further distinguished by the values of subtense. //Imperfeito// (imperfect) is decoded as ''subtense = imp''. //Pretérito// (preterite) is decoded as ??? //Mais-que-perfeito// (pluperfect) is decoded as ''subtense = pqp''. Analytic tenses are //perfeito// (perfect), //tenho caçado//, auxiliary in present and past participle, and another form of //mais-que-perfeito// (pluperfect), //tinha caçado//, auxiliary in imperfect and past participle.
-preterite = préteritum = minulý čas
-imperfect = imperfektum = souminulý čas
-perfect (present perfect) = perfektum = předpřítomný čas
-pluperfect (past perfect) = pluskvamperfektum = předminulý čas
-aorist = aorist
 | Person | Pretérito | | Imperfeito | | Mais-que-perfeito |
@@ Line 216: / Line 210: @@
 DZ Interset decoding: ''tense = "past"; subtense = "imp";''
+===== Perfect =====
+Czech term: //předpřítomný čas//. A tense (not to be confused with perfective lexical aspect in some languages) indicating an action that took place in past but its relation to the present time point (result) is stressed (typically that the action has already / has not yet been completed). It is also called **present perfect,** as opposed to **past perfect (pluperfect)** and **future perfect.** In English, the exact time when the action took place is unknown, so e.g. the word //yesterday// cannot occur in a clause headed by perfect verb form.
+Perfect is usually created analytically and thus there is no feature value denoting it. Typical formation is using present tense of an auxiliary and past participle (perfect participle) of the main verb.
+DZ Interset decoding: auxiliary: ''tense = "pres"''; participle: ''verbform = "part"; (tense = "past")''
+Example: present perfect of the English verb //to do//:
+| Person | Number |
+| | Singular | Plural |
+| 1st | //I have done// | //we have done// |
+| 2nd | //you have done// | //you have done// |
+| 3rd | //he has done// | //they have done// |
+Example: present perfect of the German verb //machen// (to do):
+| Person | Number |
+| | Singular | Plural |
+| 1st | //ich habe gemacht// | //wir haben gemacht// |
+| 2nd | //du hast gemacht// | //ihr habt gemacht// |
+| 3rd | //er hat gemacht// | //sie haben gemacht// |
+Example: present perfect //(perfeito)// of the Portuguese verb //cantar// (to sing) is formed by present indicative of the auxiliary verb //ter// and the past participle //(participio)// of the main verb:
+| Number | Singular | Plural |
+| Person | | |
+| 1st | //tenho cantado// | //temos cantado// |
+| 2nd | //tens cantado// | |
+| 3rd | //tem cantado// | //têm cantado// |
+Example: present perfect (минало неопределено време, past indefinite tense) of the Bulgarian verb //чета// (to read) is formed by present indicative of the auxiliary verb //съм// (to be) and by past active aorist participle of the main verb:
+| Number | Singular | | | Plural |
+| Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
+| Person | | | | |
+| 1st | //чел съм// | //чела съм// | //чело съм// | //чели сме// |
+| 2nd | //чел си// | //чела си// | //чело си// | //чели сте// |
+| 3rd | //чел е// | //чела е// | //чело е// | //чели са// |

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