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user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/05 10:58]
zeman Perfect. 		user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/05 12:44]
zeman Pluperfect.
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 Example: present perfect //(perfeito)// of the Portuguese verb //cantar// (to sing) is formed by present indicative of the auxiliary verb //ter// and the past participle //(participio)// of the main verb: Example: present perfect //(perfeito)// of the Portuguese verb //cantar// (to sing) is formed by present indicative of the auxiliary verb //ter// and the past participle //(participio)// of the main verb:
  
-| Number | Singular | | Plural | | +| Number | Singular | Plural | 
-| Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Masculine | Feminine | +| Person | | | 
-| Person | | | | | +| 1st | //tenho cantado// | //temos cantado// | 
-| 1st | //tenho cantado// | //tenho cantada// | //temos cantados// | //temos cantadas// | +| 2nd | //tens cantado// | | 
-| 2nd | //tens cantado// | //tens cantada// | | | +| 3rd | //tem cantado// | //têm cantado// |
-| 3rd | //tem cantado// | //tem cantada// | //têm cantados// | //têm cantadas// |+
  
 Example: present perfect (минало неопределено време, past indefinite tense) of the Bulgarian verb //чета// (to read) is formed by present indicative of the auxiliary verb //съм// (to be) and by past active aorist participle of the main verb: Example: present perfect (минало неопределено време, past indefinite tense) of the Bulgarian verb //чета// (to read) is formed by present indicative of the auxiliary verb //съм// (to be) and by past active aorist participle of the main verb:
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 | 3rd | //чел е// | //чела е// | //чело е// | //чели са// | | 3rd | //чел е// | //чела е// | //чело е// | //чели са// |
  
 +===== Pluperfect =====
 +
 +Czech term: //předminulý čas//. A tense indicating an action that took place in past and has been completed before another action in past. It is also called **past perfect,** as opposed to **(present) perfect** and **future perfect.**
 +
 +Pluperfect is usually created analytically; however, see Portuguese synthetic pluperfect below. Typical formation is using past (preterite) tense of an auxiliary and past participle (perfect participle) of the main verb.
 +
 +Example: past perfect of the English verb //to do//:
 +
 +| Person | Number |
 +| | Singular | Plural |
 +| 1st | //I had done// | //we had done// |
 +| 2nd | //you had done// | //you had done// |
 +| 3rd | //he had done// | //they had done// |
 +
 +Example: past perfect (Plusquamperfekt) of the German verb //machen// (to do):
 +
 +| Person | Number |
 +| | Singular | Plural |
 +| 1st | //ich hatte gemacht// | //wir hatten gemacht// |
 +| 2nd | //du hattest gemacht// | //ihr hattet gemacht// |
 +| 3rd | //er hatte gemacht// | //sie hatten gemacht// |
 +
 +Portuguese pluperfect //(mais-que-perfeito)// has both synthetic and analytic forms. The analytic forms are constructed similarly to Germanic languages, from past //(imperfeito)// tense of the auxiliary verb //ter// and the past participle //(participio)// of the main verb. Note that the synthetic forms are parallel to Spanish forms that are called //subjunctivo imperfecto (spojovací způsob souminulý)//. Portuguese also knows //subjuntivo imperfeito// but its forms are neither homonymous, nor similar to the synthetic pluperfect.
 +
 +| Number | Singular | Plural |
 +| Person | | |
 +| 1st | //tinha cantado// | //tínhamos cantado// |
 +| | //cantara// | //cantáramos// |
 +| 2nd | //tinhas cantado// | |
 +| | //cantaras// | |
 +| 3rd | //tinha cantado// | //tinham cantado// |
 +| | //cantara// | //cantaram// |
 +
 +Example: past perfect (минало предварително време, past preliminary tense) of the Bulgarian verb //чета// (to read) is formed by past aorist indicative of the auxiliary verb //съм// (to be) and by past active aorist participle of the main verb:
 +
 +| Number | Singular | | | Plural |
 +| Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
 +| Person | | | | |
 +| 1st | //бях чел// | //бях чела// | //бях чело// | //бяхме чели// |
 +| 2nd | //бе(ше) чел// | //бе(ше) чела// | //бе(ше) чело// | //бяхте чели// |
 +| 3rd | //бе(ше) чел// | //бе(ше) чела// | //бе(ше) чело// | //бяха чели// |
 +
 +DZ Interset decoding of the analytic forms: auxiliary: ''tense = "past"''; participle: ''verbform = "part"; (tense = "past")''. Decoding of the synthetic forms in Portuguese: ''tense = "past"; subtense = "pqp";''.
 +
 +===== Notes =====
 +
 +| Portuguese | Spanish | Notes |
 +| imperfeito //(cantava, cantavas...)// | pretérito imperfecto //(cantaba, cantabas...)// | souminulý čas; děje trvací a stavy |
 +| pretérito //(cantei, cantaste...)// | pretérito perfecto simple //(canté, cantaste...)// | minulý čas dokonavý; děje, které v minulosti začaly i skončily |
 +| perfeito //(tenho cantado)// | pretérito perfecto compuesto //(he cantado, has cantado...)// | předpřítomný čas / present perfect |
 +| mais-que-perfeito //(tinha cantado)// | pretérito pluscuamperfecto //(había cantado)// | předminulý čas / past perfect |
 +| | pretérito anterior //(hube cantado, hubiste cantado...)// | předminulý čas dokonavý; knižní náhrada předminulého času do páru s minulým časem dokonavým |
 +| mais-que-perfeito (simple) //(cantara, cantaras...)// | similar forms called "subjunctivo imperfecto" //(cantara, cantaras...)// | spojovací způsob souminulý |
 +
 +Participle in compound verb tenses has only one form //(ella ha cantado)//, in contrast to adjectival use where gender and number is distinguished //(casado hombre, casada mujer, casados hombres, casadas mujeres)//. Gerund //(gerundio)// has only one form //(ella está cantando)//.

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