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user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/05 12:00]
zeman Notes on Spanish and Portuguese past tenses. |
user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/05 13:04]
zeman Pretérito anterior. |
| ===== Preterite ===== | ===== Preterite ===== |
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| This is the default past tense. Grammars of some languages call it just "past" or "simple past". Often synthetic. Simply indicates an action that took place in past. No information whether the action has been completed or whether it ran simultaneously with another action. | This is the default past tense. Grammars of some languages call it just "past" or "simple past". Portuguese calls it //pretérito// while Spanish calls it //pretérito perfecto simple// (Czech //minulý čas dokonavý//), as opposed to //pretérito perfecto compuesto,// which is parallel to what we call perfect here, see below. Often synthetic. Simply indicates an action that took place in past. No information whether the action has been completed or whether it ran simultaneously with another action. |
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| German example: //Präteritum// of //singen// (to sing): | German example: //Präteritum// of //singen// (to sing): |
| | 3rd | //чел е// | //чела е// | //чело е// | //чели са// | | | 3rd | //чел е// | //чела е// | //чело е// | //чели са// | |
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| ===== Notes ===== | ===== Pluperfect ===== |
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| | Portuguese | Spanish | Notes | | Czech term: //předminulý čas//. A tense indicating an action that took place in past and has been completed before another action in past. It is also called **past perfect,** as opposed to **(present) perfect** and **future perfect.** |
| | imperfeito //(cantava, cantavas...)// | pretérito imperfecto //(cantaba, cantabas...)// | souminulý čas; děje trvací a stavy | | |
| | pretérito //(cantei, cantaste...)// | pretérito perfecto simple //(canté, cantaste...)// | minulý čas dokonavý; děje, které v minulosti začaly i skončily | | Pluperfect is usually created analytically; however, see Portuguese synthetic pluperfect below. Typical formation is using past (preterite) tense of an auxiliary and past participle (perfect participle) of the main verb. |
| | perfeito //(tenho cantado)// | pretérito perfecto compuesto //(he cantado, has cantado...)// | předpřítomný čas / present perfect | | |
| | mais-que-perfeito //(tinha cantado)// | pretérito pluscuamperfecto //(había cantado)// | předminulý čas / past perfect | | Example: past perfect of the English verb //to do//: |
| | | pretérito anterior //(hube cantado, hubiste cantado...)// | předminulý čas dokonavý; knižní náhrada předminulého času do páru s minulým časem dokonavým | | |
| | mais-que-perfeito (simple) //(cantara, cantaras...)// | similar forms called "subjunctivo imperfecto" //(cantara, cantaras...)// | spojovací způsob souminulý | | | Person | Number | |
| | | | Singular | Plural | |
| | | 1st | //I had done// | //we had done// | |
| | | 2nd | //you had done// | //you had done// | |
| | | 3rd | //he had done// | //they had done// | |
| | |
| | Example: past perfect (Plusquamperfekt) of the German verb //machen// (to do): |
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| | | Person | Number | |
| | | | Singular | Plural | |
| | | 1st | //ich hatte gemacht// | //wir hatten gemacht// | |
| | | 2nd | //du hattest gemacht// | //ihr hattet gemacht// | |
| | | 3rd | //er hatte gemacht// | //sie hatten gemacht// | |
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| | Portuguese pluperfect //(mais-que-perfeito)// has both synthetic and analytic forms. The analytic forms are constructed similarly to Germanic languages, from past //(imperfeito)// tense of the auxiliary verb //ter// and the past participle //(participio)// of the main verb. Note that the synthetic forms are parallel to Spanish forms that are called //subjunctivo imperfecto (spojovací způsob souminulý)//. Portuguese also knows //subjuntivo imperfeito// but its forms are neither homonymous, nor similar to the synthetic pluperfect. Spanish has the analytic pluperfect forms //(pretérito pluscuamperfecto).// |
| | |
| | | Number | Singular | Plural | |
| | | Person | | | |
| | | 1st | //tinha cantado// | //tínhamos cantado// | |
| | | | //cantara// | //cantáramos// | |
| | | 2nd | //tinhas cantado// | | |
| | | | //cantaras// | | |
| | | 3rd | //tinha cantado// | //tinham cantado// | |
| | | | //cantara// | //cantaram// | |
| | |
| | Example: past perfect (минало предварително време, past preliminary tense) of the Bulgarian verb //чета// (to read) is formed by past aorist indicative of the auxiliary verb //съм// (to be) and by past active aorist participle of the main verb: |
| | |
| | | Number | Singular | | | Plural | |
| | | Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | | |
| | | Person | | | | | |
| | | 1st | //бях чел// | //бях чела// | //бях чело// | //бяхме чели// | |
| | | 2nd | //бе(ше) чел// | //бе(ше) чела// | //бе(ше) чело// | //бяхте чели// | |
| | | 3rd | //бе(ше) чел// | //бе(ше) чела// | //бе(ше) чело// | //бяха чели// | |
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| | DZ Interset decoding of the analytic forms: auxiliary: ''tense = "past"''; participle: ''verbform = "part"; (tense = "past")''. Decoding of the synthetic forms in Portuguese: ''tense = "past"; subtense = "pqp";''. |
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| | ===== Pretérito anterior ===== |
| | |
| | Spanish bookish pluperfect forms that are used in tandem with the simple perfect forms (while normal pluperfect is used to compare time with imperfect past action). In colloquial language only normal pluperfect is used. //Pretérito anterior// (Czech //předminulý čas dokonavý//) is formed analytically by simple perfect forms of the auxiliary verb //haber// and the participle of the main verb: //hube hablado, hubiste hablado...// |
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| Participle in compound verb tenses has only one form //(ella ha cantado)//, in contrast to adjectival use where gender and number is distinguished //(casado hombre, casada mujer, casados hombres, casadas mujeres)//. Gerund //(gerundio)// has only one form //(ella está cantando)//. | Participle in compound verb tenses has only one form //(ella ha cantado)//, in contrast to adjectival use where gender and number is distinguished //(casado hombre, casada mujer, casados hombres, casadas mujeres)//. Gerund //(gerundio)// has only one form //(ella está cantando)//. |
