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user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/04 18:22] zeman Indicative. |
user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2011/12/06 21:27] (current) zeman Ancient Greek. |
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* present | * present | ||
* past | * past | ||
- | * aorist | + | * aorist |
* imperfect | * imperfect | ||
* perfect | * perfect | ||
* pluperfect | * pluperfect | ||
+ | * preterite anterior | ||
* imperative | * imperative | ||
+ | * conditional | ||
* subjunctive | * subjunctive | ||
* jussive | * jussive | ||
Line 32: | Line 34: | ||
| Portuguese | infinitive, indicative, imperative, subjunctive, | | Portuguese | infinitive, indicative, imperative, subjunctive, | ||
| Swedish | indicative, imperative, subjunctive, | | Swedish | indicative, imperative, subjunctive, | ||
+ | |||
===== Infinitive ===== | ===== Infinitive ===== | ||
Line 51: | Line 54: | ||
* Swedish infinitive mark is //att// | * Swedish infinitive mark is //att// | ||
- | In DZ Interset, infinitive is decoded as '' | + | In DZ Interset, infinitive is decoded as '' |
===== Finite ===== | ===== Finite ===== | ||
Line 68: | Line 71: | ||
In DZ Interset, indicative is decoded as '' | In DZ Interset, indicative is decoded as '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Present ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Verbs in present tense indicate an action that is taking place at the time of speaking, or in a general timespan (" | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural| | ||
+ | | 1st | //nesu// | //neseme// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //neseš// | //nesete// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //nese// | //nesou// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | In DZ Interset, present tense is decoded as '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Czech verbs are divided lexically to **perfective** and **imperfective.** Present tense forms of perfective verbs are in fact forms of **future** tense. If the physical tagset encodes these forms as present, they will be decoded into Interset as '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | The English **progressive present** tense (//he is doing//) is formed analytically by the simple present form of the auxiliary verb //to be// and the **present participle (gerund)** of the main verb. There is thus no Interset feature value for this tense. See participle and gerund. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Past ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Simple past indicates action that took place in past. Some languages (e.g. Czech) have only this one past tense. Others have more refined tense system that allow to express whether the action has been completed (**perfect**) or not (**imperfect**), | ||
+ | |||
+ | Czech past tense is formed by **past participle** of the main verb and (in 1st and 2nd person only) present form of the auxiliary verb //být//. The participle is decoded with '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural| | ||
+ | | 1st | //nesl jsem// | //nesli jsme// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //nesl jsi// | //nesli jste// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //nesl// | //nesli// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | German imperfect past tense // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Imperfect | | Perfect | | Pluperfect | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //ich machte// | //wir machten// | //ich habe gemacht// | //wir haben gemacht// | //ich hatte gemacht// | //wir hatten gemacht// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //du machtest// | //ihr machtet// | //du hast gemacht// | //ihr habt gemacht// | //du hattest gemacht// | //ihr hattet gemacht// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //er machte// | //sie machten// | //er hat gemacht// | //sie haben gemacht// | //er hatte gemacht// | //sie hatten gemacht// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | The same holds for English: | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Imperfect | | Perfect | | Pluperfect | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //I did// | //we did// | //I have done// | //we have done// | //I had done// | //we had done// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //you did// | //you did// | //you have done// | //you have done// | //you had done// | //you had done// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //he did// | //they did// | //he has done// | //they have done// | //he had done// | //they had done// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | In Portuguese, three of five past tenses are synthetic and two are analytic. All three are decoded as '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Pretérito | | Imperfeito | | Mais-que-perfeito | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //cacei// | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | //caçou// | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Preterite ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | This is the default past tense. Grammars of some languages call it just " | ||
+ | |||
+ | German example: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural| | ||
+ | | 1st | //ich sang// | //wir sangen// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //du sangst// | //ihr sangt// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //er sang// | //sie sangen// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | English example: //past tense// of //to sing//: | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //I sang// | //we sang// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //you sang// | //you sang// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //he sang// | //they sang// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Portuguese example: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //cacei// | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | //caçou// | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | DZ Interset decoding: '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Aorist ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | The simple, aspect-neutral past tense is called //aorist// in some languages, e.g. in Bulgarian. So far I have not come across differences between aorist and preterite, nor have I found a tagset/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Bulgarian (http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example: aorist forms of the Bulgarian verb // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | DZ Interset decoding: '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Aorist has almost vanished from Czech. The only survivors are aorist forms of the auxiliary verb //být// (to be): | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //bych// | //bychom// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //bys// | //byste// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //by// | //by// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Since these forms are today used exclusively to construct analytic forms of **conditional**, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Imperfect ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Czech term: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | Portuguese example: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //cantava// | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | //cantava// | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | Spanish example: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //cantaba// | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | //cantaba// | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | Bulgarian (http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Both imperfective and perfective verbs have past imperfect tense. They are conjugated in the same way. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Verbs form the past imperfect tense with the following endings. Example: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | DZ Interset decoding: '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Perfect ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Czech term: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | Perfect is usually created analytically and thus there is no feature value denoting it. Typical formation is using present tense of an auxiliary and past participle (perfect participle) of the main verb. | ||
+ | |||
+ | DZ Interset decoding: auxiliary: '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example: present perfect of the English verb //to do//: | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //I have done// | //we have done// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //you have done// | //you have done// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //he has done// | //they have done// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example: present perfect of the German verb //machen// (to do): | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //ich habe gemacht// | //wir haben gemacht// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //du hast gemacht// | //ihr habt gemacht// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //er hat gemacht// | //sie haben gemacht// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example: present perfect // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Number | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | Person | | | | ||
+ | | 1st | //tenho cantado// | //temos cantado// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //tens cantado// | | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //tem cantado// | //têm cantado// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example: present perfect (минало неопределено време, past indefinite tense) of the Bulgarian verb // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Number | Singular | | | Plural | | ||
+ | | Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | | | ||
+ | | Person | | | | | | ||
+ | | 1st | //чел съм// | //чела съм// | //чело съм// | //чели сме// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //чел си// | //чела си// | //чело си// | //чели сте// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //чел е// | //чела е// | //чело е// | //чели са// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Pluperfect ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Czech term: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | Pluperfect is usually created analytically; | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example: past perfect of the English verb //to do//: | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //I had done// | //we had done// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //you had done// | //you had done// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //he had done// | //they had done// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example: past perfect (Plusquamperfekt) of the German verb //machen// (to do): | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Person | Number | | ||
+ | | | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | 1st | //ich hatte gemacht// | //wir hatten gemacht// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | //du hattest gemacht// | //ihr hattet gemacht// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | //er hatte gemacht// | //sie hatten gemacht// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Portuguese pluperfect // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Number | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | Person | | | | ||
+ | | 1st | //tinha cantado// | //tínhamos cantado// | | ||
+ | | | //cantara// | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | //tinhas cantado// | | | ||
+ | | | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | //tinha cantado// | //tinham cantado// | | ||
+ | | | //cantara// | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example: past perfect (минало предварително време, past preliminary tense) of the Bulgarian verb // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | Number | Singular | | | Plural | | ||
+ | | Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | | | ||
+ | | Person | | | | | | ||
+ | | 1st | //бях чел// | //бях чела// | //бях чело// | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | DZ Interset decoding of the analytic forms: auxiliary: '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Preterite anterior ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Spanish: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | Participle in compound verb tenses has only one form //(ella ha cantado)//, in contrast to adjectival use where gender and number is distinguished //(casado hombre, casada mujer, casados hombres, casadas mujeres)//. Gerund // | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Conditional ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Grammars of some languages regard conditional as a tense, although others treat it as a mood. Czech: // | ||
+ | |||
+ | Czech: present conditional mood is constructed by aorist form of the auxiliary verb //být// (to be) and the active past participle of the main verb. Past conditional mood is constructed from the present conditional of the auxiliary verb //být// and the active past participle of the main verb. | ||
+ | |||
+ | | | Number | Singular | | | Plural | | | | ||
+ | | | Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | | ||
+ | | Person | Tense | | | | | | | | ||
+ | | 1st | Present | //četl bych// | //četla bych// | //četlo bych// | //četli bychom// | //četly bychom// | //četla bychom// | | ||
+ | | | Past | //byl bych četl// | //byla bych četla// | //bylo bych četlo// | //byli bychom četli// | //byly bychom četly// | //byla bychom četla// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | Present | //četl bys// | //četla bys// | //četlo bys// | //četli byste// | //četly byste// | //četla byste// | | ||
+ | | | Past | //byl bys četl// | //byla bys četla// | //bylo bys četlo// | //byli byste četli// | //byly byste četly// | //byla byste četla// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | Present | //četl by// | //četla by// | //četlo by// | //četli by// | //četly by// | //četla by// | | ||
+ | | | Past | //byl by četl// | //byla by četla// | //bylo by četlo// | //byli by četli// | //byly by četly// | //byla by četla// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | English: conditional is made of //would// (past tense of the auxiliary verb //will//) and of base form of the main verb. Past conditional is made similarly but instead of the present indicative, there is the compound present perfect form of the main verb. Example: verb //to sing//. | ||
+ | |||
+ | | | Number | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | Person | Tense | | | | ||
+ | | 1st | Present | //I would sing// | //we would sing// | | ||
+ | | | Past | //I would have sung// | //we would have sung// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | Present | //you would sing// | //you would sing// | | ||
+ | | | Past | //you would have sung// | //you would have sung// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | Present | //he would sing// | //they would sing// | | ||
+ | | | Past | //he would have sung// | //they would have sung// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | German: conditional // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | | Number | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | Person | Tense | | | | ||
+ | | 1st | Present | //ich würde singen// | //wir würden singen// | | ||
+ | | | Past | //ich würde gesungen haben// | //wir würden gesungen haben// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | Present | //du würdest singen// | //ihr würdet singen// | | ||
+ | | | Past | //du würdest gesungen haben// | //ihr würdet gesungen haben// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | Present | //er würde singen// | //sie würden singen// | | ||
+ | | | Past | //er würde gesungen haben// | //sie würden gesungen haben// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Portuguese: present conditional // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | | Number | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | Person | Tense | | | | ||
+ | | 1st | Present | // | ||
+ | | | Past | //teria cantado// | //teríamos cantado// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | Present | // | ||
+ | | | Past | //terias cantado// | | | ||
+ | | 3rd | Present | // | ||
+ | | | Past | //teria cantado// | //teriam cantado// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | The synthetic present forms require that the decoder set '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Subjunctive ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | In grammars of some languages called // | ||
+ | |||
+ | German has synthetic forms called // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | | Number | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | Person | Tense | | | | ||
+ | | 1st | Present | //ich singe// | //wir singen// | | ||
+ | | | Past | //ich sänge// | //wir sängen// | | ||
+ | | 2nd | Present | //du singest// | //ihr singet// | | ||
+ | | | Past | //du sängest// | //ihr sänget// | | ||
+ | | 3rd | Present | //er singe// | //sie singen// | | ||
+ | | | Past | //er sänge// | //sie sängen// | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Portuguese forms subjunctive // | ||
+ | |||
+ | | | Number | Singular | Plural | | ||
+ | | Person | Tense | | | | ||
+ | | 1st | Present | //cante// | // | ||
+ | | | Imperfect | // | ||
+ | | | Future | //cantar// | // | ||
+ | | 2nd | Present | //cantes// | | | ||
+ | | | Imperfect | // | ||
+ | | | Future | // | ||
+ | | 3rd | Present | //cante// | //cantem// | | ||
+ | | | Imperfect | // | ||
+ | | | Future | //cantar// | // | ||
+ | |||
+ | DZ Interset decoding: '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====== Ancient Greek ====== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Unordered observations from the Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank: | ||
+ | |||
+ | present: | ||
+ | v v pos=v|per=3|num=s|ten=p|mod=i|voi=a|gen=-|cas=-|deg=- (ἔχει, | ||
+ | |||
+ | imperfect: | ||
+ | v v pos=v|per=3|num=s|ten=i|mod=i|voi=a|gen=-|cas=-|deg=- (προσέφη, | ||
+ | |||
+ | perfect: | ||
+ | v v pos=v|per=3|num=s|ten=r|mod=i|voi=a|gen=-|cas=-|deg=- (ἔοικε, | ||
+ | |||
+ | pluperfect: | ||
+ | v v pos=v|per=3|num=s|ten=l|mod=i|voi=a|gen=-|cas=-|deg=- (ὀρώρει, | ||
+ | |||
+ | future perfect: | ||
+ | v v pos=v|per=2|num=s|ten=t|mod=i|voi=a|gen=-|cas=-|deg=- (ἀγορεύσεις) | ||
+ | |||
+ | future: | ||
+ | v v pos=v|per=3|num=s|ten=f|mod=i|voi=a|gen=-|cas=-|deg=- (δώσει, | ||
+ | |||
+ | aorist: | ||
+ | v v pos=v|per=3|num=s|ten=a|mod=i|voi=a|gen=-|cas=-|deg=- (βῆ, προσέειπε, | ||
+ | |||
+ | Příklad: sloveso ἀγορεύω: | ||
+ | v3siia = ἀγόρευε, | ||
+ | v3saia = ἀγόρευσε, | ||
+ | v3spia = ἀγορεύει | ||
+ | v3spoa = ἀγορεύοι | ||
+ | v2stia = ἀγορεύσεις | ||