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user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/05 09:25]
zeman Aorist. 		user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2011/12/06 21:27] (current)
zeman Ancient Greek.
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       * present       * present
       * past       * past
-        * aorist+        * aorist / preterite
         * imperfect         * imperfect
         * perfect         * perfect
         * pluperfect         * pluperfect
 +        * preterite anterior
     * imperative     * imperative
 +    * conditional
     * subjunctive     * subjunctive
     * jussive     * jussive
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 | Portuguese | infinitive, indicative, imperative, subjunctive, conditional, present, past, pluperfect | | Portuguese | infinitive, indicative, imperative, subjunctive, conditional, present, past, pluperfect |
 | Swedish | indicative, imperative, subjunctive, infinitive; present, past, supine; active, passive | | Swedish | indicative, imperative, subjunctive, infinitive; present, past, supine; active, passive |
 +
  
 ===== Infinitive ===== ===== Infinitive =====
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   * Swedish infinitive mark is //att//   * Swedish infinitive mark is //att//
  
-In DZ Interset, infinitive is decoded as ''verbform = inf''. This value is set even for the English base verb form, although it is not certain whether the form is used as infinitive, or imperative. Mood, tense and voice are usually empty. Czech infinitives set the feature ''negativeness''. Portuguese infinitives can be mildly conjugated. I think I may have seen active/passive infinitives but I am not sure where.+In DZ Interset, infinitive is decoded as ''verbform = inf''. This value is set even for the English base verb form, although it is not certain whether the form is used as infinitive, or imperative. Mood, tense and voice are usually empty. Czech infinitives set the feature ''negativeness''. Portuguese infinitives can be mildly conjugated. I think I may have seen active/passive infinitives but I am not sure where. [in Encyklopedický slovník češtiny p.180? //být psán, být bit//]
  
 ===== Finite ===== ===== Finite =====
Line 89: Line 92:
 Simple past indicates action that took place in past. Some languages (e.g. Czech) have only this one past tense. Others have more refined tense system that allow to express whether the action has been completed (**perfect**) or not (**imperfect**), whether it was running while something else was being done etc. In Czech however, the perfect/imperfect aspect is lexically inherent, so that past perfect is replaced by simple past tense of a perfective verb. Simple past indicates action that took place in past. Some languages (e.g. Czech) have only this one past tense. Others have more refined tense system that allow to express whether the action has been completed (**perfect**) or not (**imperfect**), whether it was running while something else was being done etc. In Czech however, the perfect/imperfect aspect is lexically inherent, so that past perfect is replaced by simple past tense of a perfective verb.
  
-Czech past tense is formed by **past participle** of the main verb and (in 1st and 2nd person only) present form of the auxiliary verb //být//. The participle is decoded with ''tense = past''.+Czech past tense is formed by **past participle** of the main verb and (in 1st and 2nd person only) present form of the auxiliary verb //být//. The participle is decoded with ''tense = past''. (The Czech past tense is a **preterite** by usage, although its creation bears charactersitics of a **perfect,** from which it has historically evolved.)
  
 | Person | Number | | Person | Number |
Line 114: Line 117:
  
 In Portuguese, three of five past tenses are synthetic and two are analytic. All three are decoded as ''tense = past''. They have to be further distinguished by the values of subtense. //Imperfeito// (imperfect) is decoded as ''subtense = imp''. //Pretérito// (preterite) is decoded as ??? //Mais-que-perfeito// (pluperfect) is decoded as ''subtense = pqp''. Analytic tenses are //perfeito// (perfect), //tenho caçado//, auxiliary in present and past participle, and another form of //mais-que-perfeito// (pluperfect), //tinha caçado//, auxiliary in imperfect and past participle. In Portuguese, three of five past tenses are synthetic and two are analytic. All three are decoded as ''tense = past''. They have to be further distinguished by the values of subtense. //Imperfeito// (imperfect) is decoded as ''subtense = imp''. //Pretérito// (preterite) is decoded as ??? //Mais-que-perfeito// (pluperfect) is decoded as ''subtense = pqp''. Analytic tenses are //perfeito// (perfect), //tenho caçado//, auxiliary in present and past participle, and another form of //mais-que-perfeito// (pluperfect), //tinha caçado//, auxiliary in imperfect and past participle.
- 
-preterite = préteritum = minulý čas 
-imperfect = imperfektum = souminulý čas 
-perfect (present perfect) = perfektum = předpřítomný čas 
-pluperfect (past perfect) = pluskvamperfektum = předminulý čas 
-aorist = aorist 
  
 | Person | Pretérito | | Imperfeito | | Mais-que-perfeito | | Person | Pretérito | | Imperfeito | | Mais-que-perfeito |
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 ===== Preterite ===== ===== Preterite =====
  
-This is the default past tense. Grammars of some languages call it just "past" or "simple past". Often synthetic. Simply indicates an action that took place in past. No information whether the action has been completed or whether it ran simultaneously with another action.+This is the default past tense. Grammars of some languages call it just "past" or "simple past". Portuguese calls it //pretérito// while Spanish calls it //pretérito perfecto simple// (Czech //minulý čas dokonavý//), as opposed to //pretérito perfecto compuesto,// which is parallel to what we call perfect here, see below. Often synthetic. Simply indicates an action that took place in past. No information whether the action has been completed or whether it ran simultaneously with another action.
  
 German example: //Präteritum// of //singen// (to sing): German example: //Präteritum// of //singen// (to sing):
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 ===== Aorist ===== ===== Aorist =====
  
-The simple, aspect-neutral past tense is called //aorist// in some languages, e.g. in Bulgarian. So far I have not come across differences between aorist and preterite, nor have I found a tagset/language where both these tenses would co-exist.+The simple, aspect-neutral past tense is called //aorist// in some languages, e.g. in Bulgarian. So far I have not come across differences between aorist and preterite, nor have I found a tagset/language where both these tenses would co-exist. The German preterite, for instance, displays usage pattern typical to aorist, although it is not called aorist.
  
 Bulgarian (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_verbs#Past_Aorist_Tense_.28Aoristus.29): Past aorist tense (Минало свършено време) expresses an action that happened at a specific time in the past. Both imperfective and perfective verbs have such tense (there is no difference in their conjugation). Although imperfective and perfective verbs are conjugated in the same way in the past aorist tense, there is difference in their meaning. Compare the sentences: //Вчера четох една книга// (aorist of imperfective verb) = "Yesterday, I read a book but I didn't finish it"; //Вчера прочетох една книга// (aorist of perfective verb) = "Yesterday, I finished reading a book/I read a whole book." The same meaning difference holds for the preterite of Czech imperfective and perfective verbs: //Včera jsem četl jednu knihu// vs. //Včera jsem přečetl jednu knihu.// Bulgarian (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_verbs#Past_Aorist_Tense_.28Aoristus.29): Past aorist tense (Минало свършено време) expresses an action that happened at a specific time in the past. Both imperfective and perfective verbs have such tense (there is no difference in their conjugation). Although imperfective and perfective verbs are conjugated in the same way in the past aorist tense, there is difference in their meaning. Compare the sentences: //Вчера четох една книга// (aorist of imperfective verb) = "Yesterday, I read a book but I didn't finish it"; //Вчера прочетох една книга// (aorist of perfective verb) = "Yesterday, I finished reading a book/I read a whole book." The same meaning difference holds for the preterite of Czech imperfective and perfective verbs: //Včera jsem četl jednu knihu// vs. //Včera jsem přečetl jednu knihu.//
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 DZ Interset decoding: ''tense = "past"; subtense = "imp";'' DZ Interset decoding: ''tense = "past"; subtense = "imp";''
 +
 +===== Perfect =====
 +
 +Czech term: //předpřítomný čas//. A tense (not to be confused with perfective lexical aspect in some languages) indicating an action that took place in past but its relation to the present time point (result) is stressed (typically that the action has already / has not yet been completed). It is also called **present perfect,** as opposed to **past perfect (pluperfect)** and **future perfect.** In English, the exact time when the action took place is unknown, so e.g. the word //yesterday// cannot occur in a clause headed by perfect verb form.
 +
 +Perfect is usually created analytically and thus there is no feature value denoting it. Typical formation is using present tense of an auxiliary and past participle (perfect participle) of the main verb.
 +
 +DZ Interset decoding: auxiliary: ''tense = "pres"''; participle: ''verbform = "part"; (tense = "past")''
 +
 +Example: present perfect of the English verb //to do//:
 +
 +| Person | Number |
 +| | Singular | Plural |
 +| 1st | //I have done// | //we have done// |
 +| 2nd | //you have done// | //you have done// |
 +| 3rd | //he has done// | //they have done// |
 +
 +Example: present perfect of the German verb //machen// (to do):
 +
 +| Person | Number |
 +| | Singular | Plural |
 +| 1st | //ich habe gemacht// | //wir haben gemacht// |
 +| 2nd | //du hast gemacht// | //ihr habt gemacht// |
 +| 3rd | //er hat gemacht// | //sie haben gemacht// |
 +
 +Example: present perfect //(perfeito)// of the Portuguese verb //cantar// (to sing) is formed by present indicative of the auxiliary verb //ter// and the past participle //(participio)// of the main verb:
 +
 +| Number | Singular | Plural |
 +| Person | | |
 +| 1st | //tenho cantado// | //temos cantado// |
 +| 2nd | //tens cantado// | |
 +| 3rd | //tem cantado// | //têm cantado// |
 +
 +Example: present perfect (минало неопределено време, past indefinite tense) of the Bulgarian verb //чета// (to read) is formed by present indicative of the auxiliary verb //съм// (to be) and by past active aorist participle of the main verb:
 +
 +| Number | Singular | | | Plural |
 +| Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
 +| Person | | | | |
 +| 1st | //чел съм// | //чела съм// | //чело съм// | //чели сме// |
 +| 2nd | //чел си// | //чела си// | //чело си// | //чели сте// |
 +| 3rd | //чел е// | //чела е// | //чело е// | //чели са// |
 +
 +===== Pluperfect =====
 +
 +Czech term: //předminulý čas//. A tense indicating an action that took place in past and has been completed before another action in past. It is also called **past perfect,** as opposed to **(present) perfect** and **future perfect.**
 +
 +Pluperfect is usually created analytically; however, see Portuguese synthetic pluperfect below. Typical formation is using past (preterite) tense of an auxiliary and past participle (perfect participle) of the main verb.
 +
 +Example: past perfect of the English verb //to do//:
 +
 +| Person | Number |
 +| | Singular | Plural |
 +| 1st | //I had done// | //we had done// |
 +| 2nd | //you had done// | //you had done// |
 +| 3rd | //he had done// | //they had done// |
 +
 +Example: past perfect (Plusquamperfekt) of the German verb //machen// (to do):
 +
 +| Person | Number |
 +| | Singular | Plural |
 +| 1st | //ich hatte gemacht// | //wir hatten gemacht// |
 +| 2nd | //du hattest gemacht// | //ihr hattet gemacht// |
 +| 3rd | //er hatte gemacht// | //sie hatten gemacht// |
 +
 +Portuguese pluperfect //(mais-que-perfeito)// has both synthetic and analytic forms. The analytic forms are constructed similarly to Germanic languages, from past //(imperfeito)// tense of the auxiliary verb //ter// and the past participle //(participio)// of the main verb. Note that the synthetic forms are parallel to Spanish forms that are called //subjunctivo imperfecto (spojovací způsob souminulý)//. Portuguese also knows //subjuntivo imperfeito// but its forms are neither homonymous, nor similar to the synthetic pluperfect. Spanish has the analytic pluperfect forms //(pretérito pluscuamperfecto).//
 +
 +| Number | Singular | Plural |
 +| Person | | |
 +| 1st | //tinha cantado// | //tínhamos cantado// |
 +| | //cantara// | //cantáramos// |
 +| 2nd | //tinhas cantado// | |
 +| | //cantaras// | |
 +| 3rd | //tinha cantado// | //tinham cantado// |
 +| | //cantara// | //cantaram// |
 +
 +Example: past perfect (минало предварително време, past preliminary tense) of the Bulgarian verb //чета// (to read) is formed by past aorist indicative of the auxiliary verb //съм// (to be) and by past active aorist participle of the main verb:
 +
 +| Number | Singular | | | Plural |
 +| Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
 +| Person | | | | |
 +| 1st | //бях чел// | //бях чела// | //бях чело// | //бяхме чели// |
 +| 2nd | //бе(ше) чел// | //бе(ше) чела// | //бе(ше) чело// | //бяхте чели// |
 +| 3rd | //бе(ше) чел// | //бе(ше) чела// | //бе(ше) чело// | //бяха чели// |
 +
 +DZ Interset decoding of the analytic forms: auxiliary: ''tense = "past"''; participle: ''verbform = "part"; (tense = "past")''. Decoding of the synthetic forms in Portuguese: ''tense = "past"; subtense = "pqp";''.
 +
 +===== Preterite anterior =====
 +
 +Spanish: //pretérito anterior.// Spanish bookish pluperfect forms that are used in tandem with the simple perfect forms (while normal pluperfect is used to compare time with imperfect past action). In colloquial language only normal pluperfect is used. //Pretérito anterior// (Czech //předminulý čas dokonavý//) is formed analytically by simple perfect forms of the auxiliary verb //haber// and the participle of the main verb: //hube hablado, hubiste hablado...//
 +
 +Participle in compound verb tenses has only one form //(ella ha cantado)//, in contrast to adjectival use where gender and number is distinguished //(casado hombre, casada mujer, casados hombres, casadas mujeres)//. Gerund //(gerundio)// has only one form //(ella está cantando)//.
 +
 +===== Conditional =====
 +
 +Grammars of some languages regard conditional as a tense, although others treat it as a mood. Czech: //podmiňovací způsob// (conditional mood). In English and other languages the present conditional can indicate future relative to some point in the past: //I warned him that I would call the Police if he did not turn down the music.// Often constructed analytically, in which case there is no need to use ''mood = "cond"''.
 +
 +Czech: present conditional mood is constructed by aorist form of the auxiliary verb //být// (to be) and the active past participle of the main verb. Past conditional mood is constructed from the present conditional of the auxiliary verb //být// and the active past participle of the main verb.
 +
 +| | Number | Singular | | | Plural | | |
 +| | Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
 +| Person | Tense | | | | | | |
 +| 1st | Present | //četl bych// | //četla bych// | //četlo bych// | //četli bychom// | //četly bychom// | //četla bychom// |
 +| | Past | //byl bych četl// | //byla bych četla// | //bylo bych četlo// | //byli bychom četli// | //byly bychom četly// | //byla bychom četla// |
 +| 2nd | Present | //četl bys// | //četla bys// | //četlo bys// | //četli byste// | //četly byste// | //četla byste// |
 +| | Past | //byl bys četl// | //byla bys četla// | //bylo bys četlo// | //byli byste četli// | //byly byste četly// | //byla byste četla// |
 +| 3rd | Present | //četl by// | //četla by// | //četlo by// | //četli by// | //četly by// | //četla by// |
 +| | Past | //byl by četl// | //byla by četla// | //bylo by četlo// | //byli by četli// | //byly by četly// | //byla by četla// |
 +
 +English: conditional is made of //would// (past tense of the auxiliary verb //will//) and of base form of the main verb. Past conditional is made similarly but instead of the present indicative, there is the compound present perfect form of the main verb. Example: verb //to sing//.
 +
 +| | Number | Singular | Plural |
 +| Person | Tense | | |
 +| 1st | Present | //I would sing// | //we would sing// |
 +| | Past | //I would have sung// | //we would have sung// |
 +| 2nd | Present | //you would sing// | //you would sing// |
 +| | Past | //you would have sung// | //you would have sung// |
 +| 3rd | Present | //he would sing// | //they would sing// |
 +| | Past | //he would have sung// | //they would have sung// |
 +
 +German: conditional //(Konditional)// is made of past subjunctive //(Konjunktiv Präteritum)// form of the auxiliary verb //werden//, and the infinitive of the main verb.
 +
 +| | Number | Singular | Plural |
 +| Person | Tense | | |
 +| 1st | Present | //ich würde singen// | //wir würden singen// |
 +| | Past | //ich würde gesungen haben// | //wir würden gesungen haben// |
 +| 2nd | Present | //du würdest singen// | //ihr würdet singen// |
 +| | Past | //du würdest gesungen haben// | //ihr würdet gesungen haben// |
 +| 3rd | Present | //er würde singen// | //sie würden singen// |
 +| | Past | //er würde gesungen haben// | //sie würden gesungen haben// |
 +
 +Portuguese: present conditional //(condicional)// has synthetic forms and past (perfect) conditional is analytic, made of present conditional of the auxiliary verb //ter//, and of the participle of the main verb.
 +
 +| | Number | Singular | Plural |
 +| Person | Tense | | |
 +| 1st | Present | //cantaria// | //cantaríamos// |
 +| | Past | //teria cantado// | //teríamos cantado// |
 +| 2nd | Present | //cantarias// | |
 +| | Past | //terias cantado// | |
 +| 3rd | Present | //cantaria// | //cantariam// |
 +| | Past | //teria cantado// | //teriam cantado// |
 +
 +The synthetic present forms require that the decoder set ''mood = "cond"''.
 +
 +===== Subjunctive =====
 +
 +In grammars of some languages called //conjunctive//. Czech: //spojovací způsob//. In some languages its usage overlaps with **conditional** (German //Konjunktiv//: //Hätte er heute kommen wollen, würde ich nicht abreisen.// = "If he wanted to come today I would not travel away." Spanish //subjuntivo// is used in subordinated clauses after a subordinating conjunction like in //que hable// = //that I speak// = (Czech) //ať mluvím//, //abych mluvil//. It also works as a sort of **imperative** in persons that do not have their own imperative forms (1st and 3rd).
 +
 +German has synthetic forms called //Konjunktiv I// (present) and //Konjunktiv II// (past, preterite). There is a significant overlap of forms of present subjunctive with present indicative.
 +
 +| | Number | Singular | Plural |
 +| Person | Tense | | |
 +| 1st | Present | //ich singe// | //wir singen// |
 +| | Past | //ich sänge// | //wir sängen// |
 +| 2nd | Present | //du singest// | //ihr singet// |
 +| | Past | //du sängest// | //ihr sänget// |
 +| 3rd | Present | //er singe// | //sie singen// |
 +| | Past | //er sänge// | //sie sängen// |
 +
 +Portuguese forms subjunctive //(subjuntivo)// of 6 tenses, 3 of that synthetic.
 +
 +| | Number | Singular | Plural |
 +| Person | Tense | | |
 +| 1st | Present | //cante// | //cantemos// |
 +| | Imperfect | //cantasse// | //cantássemos// |
 +| | Future | //cantar// | //cantarmos// |
 +| 2nd | Present | //cantes// | |
 +| | Imperfect | //cantasses// | |
 +| | Future | //cantares// | |
 +| 3rd | Present | //cante// | //cantem// |
 +| | Imperfect | //cantasse// | //cantassem// |
 +| | Future | //cantar// | //cantarem// |
 +
 +DZ Interset decoding: ''mood = "sub"''
 +
 +====== Ancient Greek ======
 +
 +Unordered observations from the Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank:
 +
 +present:
 +v v pos=v|per=3|num=s|ten=p|mod=i|voi=a|gen=-|cas=-|deg=- (ἔχει, ἐστὶ, ἐστιν, χρὴ, ἔστι)
 +
 +imperfect:
 +v v pos=v|per=3|num=s|ten=i|mod=i|voi=a|gen=-|cas=-|deg=- (προσέφη, προσηύδα, ἦν, ἦεν, ηὔδα)
 +
 +perfect:
 +v v pos=v|per=3|num=s|ten=r|mod=i|voi=a|gen=-|cas=-|deg=- (ἔοικε, ἔοικεν, οἶδεν, οἶδε, οἶδ’)
 +
 +pluperfect:
 +v v pos=v|per=3|num=s|ten=l|mod=i|voi=a|gen=-|cas=-|deg=- (ὀρώρει, βεβήκει, ᾔδη, ἑστήκει, ἐῴκει)
 +
 +future perfect:
 +v v pos=v|per=2|num=s|ten=t|mod=i|voi=a|gen=-|cas=-|deg=- (ἀγορεύσεις)
 +
 +future:
 +v v pos=v|per=3|num=s|ten=f|mod=i|voi=a|gen=-|cas=-|deg=- (δώσει, ἕξει, μελήσει, ἐρέει, ἐρεῖ)
 +
 +aorist:
 +v v pos=v|per=3|num=s|ten=a|mod=i|voi=a|gen=-|cas=-|deg=- (βῆ, προσέειπε, ἦλθε, βάλε, στῆ)
 +
 +Příklad: sloveso ἀγορεύω:
 +v3siia = ἀγόρευε, ἀγόρευεν, ἀγόρευ’
 +v3saia = ἀγόρευσε, ἀγόρευσεν
 +v3spia = ἀγορεύει
 +v3spoa = ἀγορεύοι
 +v2stia = ἀγορεύσεις
  

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