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--- user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2008/04/05 12:44]
zeman Pluperfect.
+++ user:zeman:interset:verb-forms [2011/12/06 21:27] (current)
zeman Ancient Greek.
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
       * present
       * past
-        * aorist
+        * aorist / preterite
         * imperfect
         * perfect
         * pluperfect
+        * preterite anterior
     * imperative
+    * conditional
     * subjunctive
     * jussive
@@ Line 32: / Line 34: @@
 | Portuguese | infinitive, indicative, imperative, subjunctive, conditional, present, past, pluperfect |
 | Swedish | indicative, imperative, subjunctive, infinitive; present, past, supine; active, passive |
 ===== Infinitive =====
@@ Line 51: / Line 54: @@
   * Swedish infinitive mark is //att//
-In DZ Interset, infinitive is decoded as ''verbform = inf''. This value is set even for the English base verb form, although it is not certain whether the form is used as infinitive, or imperative. Mood, tense and voice are usually empty. Czech infinitives set the feature ''negativeness''. Portuguese infinitives can be mildly conjugated. I think I may have seen active/passive infinitives but I am not sure where.
+In DZ Interset, infinitive is decoded as ''verbform = inf''. This value is set even for the English base verb form, although it is not certain whether the form is used as infinitive, or imperative. Mood, tense and voice are usually empty. Czech infinitives set the feature ''negativeness''. Portuguese infinitives can be mildly conjugated. I think I may have seen active/passive infinitives but I am not sure where. [in Encyklopedický slovník češtiny p.180? //být psán, být bit//]
 ===== Finite =====
@@ Line 123: / Line 126: @@
 ===== Preterite =====
-This is the default past tense. Grammars of some languages call it just "past" or "simple past". Often synthetic. Simply indicates an action that took place in past. No information whether the action has been completed or whether it ran simultaneously with another action.
+This is the default past tense. Grammars of some languages call it just "past" or "simple past". Portuguese calls it //pretérito// while Spanish calls it //pretérito perfecto simple// (Czech //minulý čas dokonavý//), as opposed to //pretérito perfecto compuesto,// which is parallel to what we call perfect here, see below. Often synthetic. Simply indicates an action that took place in past. No information whether the action has been completed or whether it ran simultaneously with another action.
 German example: //Präteritum// of //singen// (to sing):
@@ Line 274: / Line 277: @@
 | 3rd | //er hatte gemacht// | //sie hatten gemacht// |
-Portuguese pluperfect //(mais-que-perfeito)// has both synthetic and analytic forms. The analytic forms are constructed similarly to Germanic languages, from past //(imperfeito)// tense of the auxiliary verb //ter// and the past participle //(participio)// of the main verb. Note that the synthetic forms are parallel to Spanish forms that are called //subjunctivo imperfecto (spojovací způsob souminulý)//. Portuguese also knows //subjuntivo imperfeito// but its forms are neither homonymous, nor similar to the synthetic pluperfect.
+Portuguese pluperfect //(mais-que-perfeito)// has both synthetic and analytic forms. The analytic forms are constructed similarly to Germanic languages, from past //(imperfeito)// tense of the auxiliary verb //ter// and the past participle //(participio)// of the main verb. Note that the synthetic forms are parallel to Spanish forms that are called //subjunctivo imperfecto (spojovací způsob souminulý)//. Portuguese also knows //subjuntivo imperfeito// but its forms are neither homonymous, nor similar to the synthetic pluperfect. Spanish has the analytic pluperfect forms //(pretérito pluscuamperfecto).//
 | Number | Singular | Plural |
@@ Line 296: / Line 299: @@
 DZ Interset decoding of the analytic forms: auxiliary: ''tense = "past"''; participle: ''verbform = "part"; (tense = "past")''. Decoding of the synthetic forms in Portuguese: ''tense = "past"; subtense = "pqp";''.
-===== Notes =====
+===== Preterite anterior =====
-| Portuguese | Spanish | Notes |
+Spanish: //pretérito anterior.// Spanish bookish pluperfect forms that are used in tandem with the simple perfect forms (while normal pluperfect is used to compare time with imperfect past action). In colloquial language only normal pluperfect is used. //Pretérito anterior// (Czech //předminulý čas dokonavý//) is formed analytically by simple perfect forms of the auxiliary verb //haber// and the participle of the main verb: //hube hablado, hubiste hablado...//
-| imperfeito //(cantava, cantavas...)// | pretérito imperfecto //(cantaba, cantabas...)// | souminulý čas; děje trvací a stavy |
-| pretérito //(cantei, cantaste...)// | pretérito perfecto simple //(canté, cantaste...)// | minulý čas dokonavý; děje, které v minulosti začaly i skončily |
-| perfeito //(tenho cantado)// | pretérito perfecto compuesto //(he cantado, has cantado...)// | předpřítomný čas / present perfect |
-| mais-que-perfeito //(tinha cantado)// | pretérito pluscuamperfecto //(había cantado)// | předminulý čas / past perfect |
-| | pretérito anterior //(hube cantado, hubiste cantado...)// | předminulý čas dokonavý; knižní náhrada předminulého času do páru s minulým časem dokonavým |
-| mais-que-perfeito (simple) //(cantara, cantaras...)// | similar forms called "subjunctivo imperfecto" //(cantara, cantaras...)// | spojovací způsob souminulý |
 Participle in compound verb tenses has only one form //(ella ha cantado)//, in contrast to adjectival use where gender and number is distinguished //(casado hombre, casada mujer, casados hombres, casadas mujeres)//. Gerund //(gerundio)// has only one form //(ella está cantando)//.
+===== Conditional =====
+Grammars of some languages regard conditional as a tense, although others treat it as a mood. Czech: //podmiňovací způsob// (conditional mood). In English and other languages the present conditional can indicate future relative to some point in the past: //I warned him that I would call the Police if he did not turn down the music.// Often constructed analytically, in which case there is no need to use ''mood = "cond"''.
+Czech: present conditional mood is constructed by aorist form of the auxiliary verb //být// (to be) and the active past participle of the main verb. Past conditional mood is constructed from the present conditional of the auxiliary verb //být// and the active past participle of the main verb.
+| | Number | Singular | | | Plural | | |
+| | Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
+| Person | Tense | | | | | | |
+| 1st | Present | //četl bych// | //četla bych// | //četlo bych// | //četli bychom// | //četly bychom// | //četla bychom// |
+| | Past | //byl bych četl// | //byla bych četla// | //bylo bych četlo// | //byli bychom četli// | //byly bychom četly// | //byla bychom četla// |
+| 2nd | Present | //četl bys// | //četla bys// | //četlo bys// | //četli byste// | //četly byste// | //četla byste// |
+| | Past | //byl bys četl// | //byla bys četla// | //bylo bys četlo// | //byli byste četli// | //byly byste četly// | //byla byste četla// |
+| 3rd | Present | //četl by// | //četla by// | //četlo by// | //četli by// | //četly by// | //četla by// |
+| | Past | //byl by četl// | //byla by četla// | //bylo by četlo// | //byli by četli// | //byly by četly// | //byla by četla// |
+English: conditional is made of //would// (past tense of the auxiliary verb //will//) and of base form of the main verb. Past conditional is made similarly but instead of the present indicative, there is the compound present perfect form of the main verb. Example: verb //to sing//.
+| | Number | Singular | Plural |
+| Person | Tense | | |
+| 1st | Present | //I would sing// | //we would sing// |
+| | Past | //I would have sung// | //we would have sung// |
+| 2nd | Present | //you would sing// | //you would sing// |
+| | Past | //you would have sung// | //you would have sung// |
+| 3rd | Present | //he would sing// | //they would sing// |
+| | Past | //he would have sung// | //they would have sung// |
+German: conditional //(Konditional)// is made of past subjunctive //(Konjunktiv Präteritum)// form of the auxiliary verb //werden//, and the infinitive of the main verb.
+| | Number | Singular | Plural |
+| Person | Tense | | |
+| 1st | Present | //ich würde singen// | //wir würden singen// |
+| | Past | //ich würde gesungen haben// | //wir würden gesungen haben// |
+| 2nd | Present | //du würdest singen// | //ihr würdet singen// |
+| | Past | //du würdest gesungen haben// | //ihr würdet gesungen haben// |
+| 3rd | Present | //er würde singen// | //sie würden singen// |
+| | Past | //er würde gesungen haben// | //sie würden gesungen haben// |
+Portuguese: present conditional //(condicional)// has synthetic forms and past (perfect) conditional is analytic, made of present conditional of the auxiliary verb //ter//, and of the participle of the main verb.
+| | Number | Singular | Plural |
+| Person | Tense | | |
+| 1st | Present | //cantaria// | //cantaríamos// |
+| | Past | //teria cantado// | //teríamos cantado// |
+| 2nd | Present | //cantarias// | |
+| | Past | //terias cantado// | |
+| 3rd | Present | //cantaria// | //cantariam// |
+| | Past | //teria cantado// | //teriam cantado// |
+The synthetic present forms require that the decoder set ''mood = "cond"''.
+===== Subjunctive =====
+In grammars of some languages called //conjunctive//. Czech: //spojovací způsob//. In some languages its usage overlaps with **conditional** (German //Konjunktiv//: //Hätte er heute kommen wollen, würde ich nicht abreisen.// = "If he wanted to come today I would not travel away." Spanish //subjuntivo// is used in subordinated clauses after a subordinating conjunction like in //que hable// = //that I speak// = (Czech) //ať mluvím//, //abych mluvil//. It also works as a sort of **imperative** in persons that do not have their own imperative forms (1st and 3rd).
+German has synthetic forms called //Konjunktiv I// (present) and //Konjunktiv II// (past, preterite). There is a significant overlap of forms of present subjunctive with present indicative.
+| | Number | Singular | Plural |
+| Person | Tense | | |
+| 1st | Present | //ich singe// | //wir singen// |
+| | Past | //ich sänge// | //wir sängen// |
+| 2nd | Present | //du singest// | //ihr singet// |
+| | Past | //du sängest// | //ihr sänget// |
+| 3rd | Present | //er singe// | //sie singen// |
+| | Past | //er sänge// | //sie sängen// |
+Portuguese forms subjunctive //(subjuntivo)// of 6 tenses, 3 of that synthetic.
+| | Number | Singular | Plural |
+| Person | Tense | | |
+| 1st | Present | //cante// | //cantemos// |
+| | Imperfect | //cantasse// | //cantássemos// |
+| | Future | //cantar// | //cantarmos// |
+| 2nd | Present | //cantes// | |
+| | Imperfect | //cantasses// | |
+| | Future | //cantares// | |
+| 3rd | Present | //cante// | //cantem// |
+| | Imperfect | //cantasse// | //cantassem// |
+| | Future | //cantar// | //cantarem// |
+DZ Interset decoding: ''mood = "sub"''
+====== Ancient Greek ======
+Unordered observations from the Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank:
+present:
+v v pos=v|per=3|num=s|ten=p|mod=i|voi=a|gen=-|cas=-|deg=- (ἔχει, ἐστὶ, ἐστιν, χρὴ, ἔστι)
+imperfect:
+v v pos=v|per=3|num=s|ten=i|mod=i|voi=a|gen=-|cas=-|deg=- (προσέφη, προσηύδα, ἦν, ἦεν, ηὔδα)
+perfect:
+v v pos=v|per=3|num=s|ten=r|mod=i|voi=a|gen=-|cas=-|deg=- (ἔοικε, ἔοικεν, οἶδεν, οἶδε, οἶδ’)
+pluperfect:
+v v pos=v|per=3|num=s|ten=l|mod=i|voi=a|gen=-|cas=-|deg=- (ὀρώρει, βεβήκει, ᾔδη, ἑστήκει, ἐῴκει)
+future perfect:
+v v pos=v|per=2|num=s|ten=t|mod=i|voi=a|gen=-|cas=-|deg=- (ἀγορεύσεις)
+future:
+v v pos=v|per=3|num=s|ten=f|mod=i|voi=a|gen=-|cas=-|deg=- (δώσει, ἕξει, μελήσει, ἐρέει, ἐρεῖ)
+aorist:
+v v pos=v|per=3|num=s|ten=a|mod=i|voi=a|gen=-|cas=-|deg=- (βῆ, προσέειπε, ἦλθε, βάλε, στῆ)
+Příklad: sloveso ἀγορεύω:
+v3siia = ἀγόρευε, ἀγόρευεν, ἀγόρευ’
+v3saia = ἀγόρευσε, ἀγόρευσεν
+v3spia = ἀγορεύει
+v3spoa = ἀγορεύοι
+v2stia = ἀγορεύσεις

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