[ Skip to the content ]

Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics Wiki


[ Back to the navigation ]

This is an old revision of the document!


Verb forms in various languages and in DZ Interset

This is not a complete list of verbal tenses found in all languages. It focuses on tenses that are expressed synthetically, i.e. using affixes in one word (as opposed to analytical expression, using combination of a main verb and an auxiliary verb). Morphological / part-of-speech tags usually only need to distinguish synthetical verb forms.

Arabic imperfect verb, perfect verb; mood: indicative, subjunctive, subjunctive/jussive; voice: passive; infinitive
Bulgarian nonpersonal verb (has 3rd person only), perfective vs. imperfective verb, auxiliary verb; transitive vs. intransitive verb; mood: indicative, imperative, subjunctive; tense: present, past, aorist, imperfect; participle, transgressive; voice: active, passive
Czech infinitive, indicative (present, future), imperative, subjunctive, active past participle, passive participle
Danish main verb, medial verb (deponent, reciprocal), mood: gerund, imperative, indicative, infinitive, participle; tense: past, present; voice: active, passive
English modal verb, main verb; base form (infinitive but without “to”), gerund/present participle, past participle, non 3rd person singular present, 3rd person singular present
German auxiliary verb, modal verb, main verb; finite (indicative), imperative, infinitive, infinitive with “zu”, perfect participle
Portuguese infinitive, indicative, imperative, subjunctive, conditional, present, past, pluperfect
Swedish indicative, imperative, subjunctive, infinitive; present, past, supine; active, passive

Infinitive

Usually considered base form of the verb, appears in dictionaries. In text it appears as part of analytical verb forms and as argument of other words:

In some languages infinitive is marked by verb affixes:

In some languages, the morpheme marking infinitive is separate word (English to). In English, the base form of the verb is not (full) infinitive. It becomes infinitive when combined with the infinitive mark (to do, to say). Without the mark, it can be used (in English) as imperative.

Both approaches can be combined. Although infinitives are recognizable by the -en suffix in German, the infinitive mark zu is used with infinitives in some contexts. Depending on the verb, zu is either a separate word, or a morpheme inserted between the verb prefix and stem (zu beenden vs. anzupassen).

In DZ Interset, infinitive is decoded as verbform = inf. Mood, tense and voice are usually empty. Czech infinitives set the feature negativeness. Portuguese infinitives can be mildly conjugated. I think I may have seen active/passive infinitives but I am not sure where.


[ Back to the navigation ] [ Back to the content ]