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user:zeman:transliteration-of-urdu-to-latin-script [2010/11/09 13:25] zeman ˀ |
user:zeman:transliteration-of-urdu-to-latin-script [2010/11/09 15:02] zeman wy |
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I do not attempt to map the special Semitic guttural consonant //ayin// to a Latin letter following pronunciation of a European language, as this sound is very peculiar to most Europeans. In transcription of Arabic, it is sometimes represented by superscript //c//. We use the IPA symbol ˀ (MODIFIER LETTER GLOTTAL STOP). | I do not attempt to map the special Semitic guttural consonant //ayin// to a Latin letter following pronunciation of a European language, as this sound is very peculiar to most Europeans. In transcription of Arabic, it is sometimes represented by superscript //c//. We use the IPA symbol ˀ (MODIFIER LETTER GLOTTAL STOP). | ||
- | | **Unicode** | **Character** | **Pronunciation** | **Transliteration** | | + | The letter ں (NOON GHUNNA) occurs only at the end of the word and marks nasalization of the preceding vowel rather than a real consonant. |
+ | |||
+ | There are two //h// letters: ہ (HEH GOAL) and ھ (HEH DOACHASHMEE). It is not necessary to distinguish them by diacritics as they occur in different positions. The normal consonant //h// is written using ہ (HEH GOAL), which can also appear at the end of the word to mark an (otherwise invisible) word-final short vowel //a// (transcribed //ah//). In contrast, ھ (HEH DOACHASHMEE) is used exclusively after other consonants (such as //k, g, č, j, t, d, b, p//) to form their aspirated counterparts. Thus, بھ is //bh//, پھ is //ph// etc. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ Unicode | ||
| 0628 | ب | b | b | | | 0628 | ب | b | b | | ||
| 067E | پ | p | p | | | 067E | پ | p | p | | ||
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| 0645 | م | m | m | | | 0645 | م | m | m | | ||
| 0646 | ن | n | n | | | 0646 | ن | n | n | | ||
- | | 06BA | ں | n | n | | + | | 06BA | ں | n | ñ | |
| 0648 | و | v | w | | | 0648 | و | v | w | | ||
| 06C1 | ہ | h | h | | | 06C1 | ہ | h | h | | ||
| 06BE | ھ | h | h | | | 06BE | ھ | h | h | | ||
| 06CC | ی | j | y | | | 06CC | ی | j | y | | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Vowels ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | The consonant (or semi-vowel) و //(w)// is also ambiguously used to represent the long vowels //ū// (pronounced as //oo// in English //fool//) and //o// (pronounced as //oo// in English //door//). I want to distinguish these three pronunciations. In most cases however, the script can only output //[wūo]// and leave the disambiguation to a human judgment: | ||
+ | |||
+ | * In word-initial position, I assume that only consonantal pronunciation is possible and always output //w//. | ||
+ | * Anywhere immediately before ا (ALEF), I assume that only consonantal pronunciation is possible and always output //w//. | ||
+ | * In word-final position, I believe that vowel is more likely although I am not sure that the consonant can be completely excluded. Nevertheless, | ||
+ | * If it appears immediately before word-final ں (NOON GHUNNA), I consider it part of plural oblique case suffix and invariably output //o//. | ||
+ | * In all other cases I output //[wūo]//. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The consonant (or semi-vowel) ی //(y)// is also ambiguously used to represent the long vowels //ī// (pronounced as //ee// in English //feet//) and //e// (pronounced roughly as //ai// in English //fair//). I want to distinguish these three pronunciations. In most cases however, the script can only output //[yīe]// and leave the disambiguation to a human judgment: | ||
+ | |||
+ | * In word-initial position, I assume that only consonantal pronunciation is possible and always output //y//. | ||
+ | * Anywhere immediately before ا (ALEF), I assume that only consonantal pronunciation is possible and always output //y//. | ||
+ | * In word-final position, I assume that the only possible reading is //ī//. | ||
+ | * In all other cases I output //[yīe]//. | ||