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--- user:zeman:transliteration-of-urdu-to-latin-script [2010/11/09 14:29]
zeman Noon ghunna a heh goal/doachashmee.
+++ user:zeman:transliteration-of-urdu-to-latin-script [2010/11/09 16:14]
zeman Hamza.
@@ Line 65: / Line 65: @@
 | 06BE | ھ | h | h |
 | 06CC | ی | j | y |
+===== Vowels =====
+The consonant (or semi-vowel) و //(w)// is also ambiguously used to represent the long vowels //ū// (pronounced as //oo// in English //fool//) and //o// (pronounced as //oo// in English //door//). I want to distinguish these three pronunciations. In most cases however, the script can only output //[wūo]// and leave the disambiguation to a human judgment:
+  * In word-initial position, I assume that only consonantal pronunciation is possible and always output //w//.
+  * Anywhere immediately before ا (ALEF), I assume that only consonantal pronunciation is possible and always output //w//.
+  * In word-final position, I believe that vowel is more likely although I am not sure that the consonant can be completely excluded. Nevertheless, I currently output //[ūo]//.
+  * If it appears immediately before word-final ں (NOON GHUNNA), I consider it part of plural oblique case suffix and invariably output //o//.
+  * In all other cases I output //[wūo]//.
+The consonant (or semi-vowel) ی //(y)// is also ambiguously used to represent the long vowels //ī// (pronounced as //ee// in English //feet//) and //e// (pronounced roughly as //ai// in English //fair//). I want to distinguish these three pronunciations. In most cases however, the script can only output //[yīe]// and leave the disambiguation to a human judgment:
+  * In word-initial position, I assume that only consonantal pronunciation is possible and always output //y//.
+  * Anywhere immediately before ا (ALEF), I assume that only consonantal pronunciation is possible and always output //y//.
+  * In word-final position, I assume that the only possible reading is //ī//.
+  * In all other cases I output //[yīe]//.
+The letter ے (YEH BARREE) only appears in word-final position and is transliterated as //e// (which is written in other positions using the ambiguous ی).
+The letter ا (ALEF) is ambiguous and can lead to many different readings:
+  * In word-initial position, it merely says that the word begins with a vowel. It could be any of the three short vowels //[aiu]//: افریقہ //afrīqah// “Africa”, اسلام //islām// “Islam”, اردو //urdū// “Urdu”.
+    * If word-initial ا is followed by و or ی, they together could represent a word-initial long vowel //[ūoīe]//, such as in ایک //ek// “one”. In this case, ا should map to an empty string (because the next character itself will allow for transliteration by the long vowel).
+  * In word-internal and word-final positions, ا is transliterated to the long vowel //ā// (pronounced as //a// in English //father//).
+The letter آ (ALEF MADDA) only appears in word-initial position and is transliterated as //ā// (which is written in other positions using normal ا).
+The YEH with the diacritic HAMZA above separates two consecutive vowels, e.g. جائے گا //jāe gā// “will go” or کوئی //koī// “some”.
+Similarly, the diacritic HAMZA above a و separates it from the preceding vowel as in ہاؤسنگ //hāūsing// “housing”. (In this case, the hamza is a separate character that is placed in the logical sequence after the و.)
+^ Unicode ^ Character ^ Pronunciation ^ Transliteration ^
+| 0627 | ا | -, a: | a, i, u, 0, ā |
+| 0622 | آ | a: | ā |
+| 0648 | و | v, u:, o: | w, ū, o |
+| 06CC | ی | j, i:, e: | y, ī, e |
+| 06D2 | ے | e: | e |
+| 0626 | ئ | - | 0 |
+| 0674 | ٔ (high hamza) | - | 0 |

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