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user:zeman:transliteration-of-urdu-to-latin-script [2010/11/09 16:47] zeman ao, ae |
user:zeman:transliteration-of-urdu-to-latin-script [2010/11/10 14:26] zeman |
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| 06CC | ی | j, i:, e: | y, ī, e | | | 06CC | ی | j, i:, e: | y, ī, e | | ||
| 06D2 | ے | e: | e | | | 06D2 | ے | e: | e | | ||
- | | 0626 | ئ | - | 0 | | + | | 06D3 | ۓ | e: | e | |
- | | 0674 | ٔ (high hamza) | - | 0 | | + | | 0624 | ؤ | u:, o: | ū, o | |
+ | | 0626 | ئ | -, i:, e | 0, ī, e | | ||
+ | | 0654 | (hamza above)ٔ | - | 0 | | ||
+ | | 0674 | (high hamza)ٔ | - | 0 | | ||
- | ===== Vowel Diacritics ===== | + | The transliteration script should contain a gradually growing vocabulary that would help disambiguate known words. Otherwise there would be a very high number of ambiguous positions in any transliterated string. |
+ | |||
+ | ===== Short Vowels and Diacritics ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Without diacritics (which is more common), every consonant that is not followed by a long vowel may or may not be followed by a short vowel. I denote this possibility by the character for the neutral character schwa: //ə//. | ||
//Warning! This section is under construction. I am still confused about the exact rules for Urdu vowel representation, | //Warning! This section is under construction. I am still confused about the exact rules for Urdu vowel representation, | ||
Although used rarely, Urdu has means to mark the three short vowels as well. This is done using one of the three diacritical marks. Long vowels can be disambiguated as well, e.g. a consonant with the pesh mark followed by a waw without any diacritic means that the waw is a long vowel //[ūo]// but not the consonant //w//. | Although used rarely, Urdu has means to mark the three short vowels as well. This is done using one of the three diacritical marks. Long vowels can be disambiguated as well, e.g. a consonant with the pesh mark followed by a waw without any diacritic means that the waw is a long vowel //[ūo]// but not the consonant //w//. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ Unicode ^ Unicode Name ^ Urdu Name ^ With Beh ^ Transliteration ^ | ||
+ | | 064E | ARABIC FATHA | zabar | بَ | ba | | ||
+ | | 064F | ARABIC DAMMA | pesh | بُ | bu | | ||
+ | | 0650 | ARABIC KASRA | zer | بِ | bi | | ||
pesh (ARABIC DAMMA, 064F) ... u ... کُون //kon// “who” | pesh (ARABIC DAMMA, 064F) ... u ... کُون //kon// “who” | ||
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zer (ARABIC KASRA, 0650) ... i ... | zer (ARABIC KASRA, 0650) ... i ... | ||
- | Possible further reading: http:// | + | Possible further reading: |
- | http:// | + | * http:// |
+ | | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Vocabulary of Frequent Words ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Some frequent words cannot be disambiguated by character-based rules alone but a vocabulary could identify them as existing unambiguous Urdu words and save much manual work by disambiguating them. Here are some examples: | ||
+ | |||
+ | * ہے => he (“is”) | ||
+ | * میں => meñ (“in”) | ||
+ | * ایک => ek (“one”) | ||
+ | * اور => or (“and”) | ||
+ | |||
+ | Note however that there are inherently ambiguous words that cannot be disambiguated without human intervention (or at least without looking at the neighboring words). Examples: | ||
+ | |||
+ | * تو => to (“so”) | tū (“thou”) | ||
+ | * اس => is (“of this”) | us (“of that”) | ||
+ | * ان => in (“of these”) | un (“of those”) | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== The Transliteration Script ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | You need two files. All of the transliteration knowledge is encoded in the library '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | <code bash> | ||
+ | |||
+ | If you happen to sit on the ÚFAL network, you will find the script in '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | I am also attaching the current snapshot of the two folders to this wiki {{: | ||
+ | |||
+ | This is an example of an Urdu sentence and the romanized output by the script: | ||
+ | |||
+ | * آپ کو پچھلے 182 دنوں میں اپنی بیماری یا معزوری کے سبب مندرجہ ذیل میں سے کوئی ایک ملتا رہا ہے ؟ | ||
+ | * āp ko pəčhəle 182 dənoñ meñ əpənī b[yīe]mārī yā məˀəz[wūo]rī ke səbəb mənədərəjəh ż[yīe]l meñ se koī ek mələtā rəhā he ? | ||
+ | |||
+ | Afterwards, a speaker of Urdu is supposed to edit the transliteration and disambiguate all remaining cases: | ||
+ | * āp ko p**ə**čh**ə**le 182 d**ə**noñ meñ **ə**p**ə**nī b**[yīe]**mārī yā m**ə**ˀ**ə**z**[wūo]**rī ke s**ə**b**ə**b m**ə**n**ə**d**ə**r**ə**j**ə**h ż**[yīe]**l meñ se koī ek m**ə**l**ə**tā r**ə**hā he ? | ||
+ | * Of alternatives in brackets, one has to be selected. Sometimes the brackets do not list all possibilities but they are easy to guess. For instance, [yīe] should in fact be [əyə|ī|e]. | ||
+ | * The schwa //ə// is a shortcut for [aiu] or an empty string (no vowel here). |