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user:zeman:transliteration-of-urdu-to-latin-script [2010/11/10 16:05]
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user:zeman:transliteration-of-urdu-to-latin-script [2010/11/16 08:25] (current)
zeman ~ |
| ===== Consonants ===== | ===== Consonants ===== |
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| Most of the consonants do not pose any serious problem. I decided to represent the retroflex consonants (ٹ, ڈ, ڑ) by a dot below their dental or other counterparts, as is usual across the Indo-Aryan languages. A dot above a letter distinguishes two Arabic letters whose Urdu pronunciation is identical to other letters, from transliteration of those other letters (ث, ذ). Similarly, a cedilla below a letter distinguishes other five letters that occur in words of Arabic descent (ح, ص, ض, ط, ظ). | Most of the consonants do not pose any serious problem. I decided to represent the retroflex consonants (ٹ, ڈ, ڑ) by a dot below their dental or other counterparts, as is usual across the Indo-Aryan languages. A dot above a letter distinguishes two Arabic letters whose Urdu pronunciation is identical to other letters, from transliteration of those other letters (ث, ذ). Similarly, a cedilla below a letter distinguishes five other letters that occur in words of Arabic descent (ح, ص, ض, ط, ظ). |
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| Some other notes: //j// is pronounced as in English, not as in Czech or German. //č// and //š// are used in Baltic and Slavic languages (among others) to represent the sounds that are usually written “ch” or “sh”, respectively, in English. Of similar descent is the character //ž//; the corresponding sound is sometimes represented as “zh” in English and corresponds to the French pronunciation of //j//. //x// represents (in accord with phonetic tradition) the same sound as Czech/German/Scottish “ch”. English-oriented transcriptions of Arabic often transcribe this sound as “kh”, a solution that we want to avoid. It would conflict with the aspirated //kh// of Urdu. //ğ// is taken from Turkish and describes the sound that is often transcribed “gh” from Arabic (which we cannot use, again because of the aspirated //gh//). | Some other notes: //j// is pronounced as in English, not as in Czech or German. //č// and //š// are used in Baltic and Slavic languages (among others) to represent the sounds that are usually written “ch” or “sh”, respectively, in English. Of similar descent is the character //ž//; the corresponding sound is sometimes represented as “zh” in English and corresponds to the French pronunciation of //j//. //x// represents (in accord with phonetic tradition) the same sound as Czech/German/Scottish “ch”. English-oriented transcriptions of Arabic often transcribe this sound as “kh”, a solution that we want to avoid. It would conflict with the aspirated //kh// of Urdu. //ğ// is taken from Turkish and describes the sound that is often transcribed “gh” from Arabic (which we cannot use, again because of the aspirated //gh//). |
| | 0645 | م | m | m | | | 0645 | م | m | m | |
| | 0646 | ن | n | n | | | 0646 | ن | n | n | |
| | 06BA | ں | n | ñ | | | 06BA | ں | ~ | ñ | |
| | 0648 | و | v | w | | | 0648 | و | v | w | |
| | 06C1 | ہ | h | h | | | 06C1 | ہ | h | h | |
