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user:zeman:transliteration-of-urdu-to-latin-script [2010/11/10 14:27]
zeman Copyright. 		user:zeman:transliteration-of-urdu-to-latin-script [2010/11/16 08:25] (current)
zeman ~
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 Copyright © 2010 by Dan Zeman <zeman@ufal.mff.cuni.cz> Copyright © 2010 by Dan Zeman <zeman@ufal.mff.cuni.cz>
 License: GNU GPL License: GNU GPL
 +This research has been supported by the grant of the Czech Ministry of Education no. MSM0021620838. 
  
 ===== Transliteration versus Transcription ===== ===== Transliteration versus Transcription =====
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 ===== Consonants ===== ===== Consonants =====
  
-Most of the consonants do not pose any serious problem. I decided to represent the retroflex consonants (ٹ, ڈ, ڑ) by a dot below their dental or other counterparts, as is usual across the Indo-Aryan languages. A dot above a letter distinguishes a two Arabic letters whose Urdu pronunciation is identical to other letters, from transliteration of those other letters (ث, ذ). Similarly, a cedilla below a letter distinguishes other five letters that occur in words of Arabic descent (ح, ص, ض, ط, ظ).+Most of the consonants do not pose any serious problem. I decided to represent the retroflex consonants (ٹ, ڈ, ڑ) by a dot below their dental or other counterparts, as is usual across the Indo-Aryan languages. A dot above a letter distinguishes two Arabic letters whose Urdu pronunciation is identical to other letters, from transliteration of those other letters (ث, ذ). Similarly, a cedilla below a letter distinguishes five other letters that occur in words of Arabic descent (ح, ص, ض, ط, ظ).
  
 Some other notes: //j// is pronounced as in English, not as in Czech or German. //č// and //š// are used in Baltic and Slavic languages (among others) to represent the sounds that are usually written “ch” or “sh”, respectively, in English. Of similar descent is the character //ž//; the corresponding sound is sometimes represented as “zh” in English and corresponds to the French pronunciation of //j//. //x// represents (in accord with phonetic tradition) the same sound as Czech/German/Scottish “ch”. English-oriented transcriptions of Arabic often transcribe this sound as “kh”, a solution that we want to avoid. It would conflict with the aspirated //kh// of Urdu. //ğ// is taken from Turkish and describes the sound that is often transcribed “gh” from Arabic (which we cannot use, again because of the aspirated //gh//). Some other notes: //j// is pronounced as in English, not as in Czech or German. //č// and //š// are used in Baltic and Slavic languages (among others) to represent the sounds that are usually written “ch” or “sh”, respectively, in English. Of similar descent is the character //ž//; the corresponding sound is sometimes represented as “zh” in English and corresponds to the French pronunciation of //j//. //x// represents (in accord with phonetic tradition) the same sound as Czech/German/Scottish “ch”. English-oriented transcriptions of Arabic often transcribe this sound as “kh”, a solution that we want to avoid. It would conflict with the aspirated //kh// of Urdu. //ğ// is taken from Turkish and describes the sound that is often transcribed “gh” from Arabic (which we cannot use, again because of the aspirated //gh//).
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 | 0645 | م | m | m | | 0645 | م | m | m |
 | 0646 | ن | n | n | | 0646 | ن | n | n |
-| 06BA | ں | n | ñ |+| 06BA | ں | ~ | ñ |
 | 0648 | و | v | w | | 0648 | و | v | w |
 | 06C1 | ہ | h | h | | 06C1 | ہ | h | h |
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 ===== Short Vowels and Diacritics ===== ===== Short Vowels and Diacritics =====
  
-Without diacritics (which is more common), every consonant that is not followed by a long vowel may or may not be followed by a short vowel. I denote this possibility by the character for the neutral character schwa: //ə//.+Without diacritics (which is more common), every consonant that is not followed by a long vowel may or may not be followed by a short vowel. I denote this possibility by the character for the neutral vowel schwa: //ə//.
  
 //Warning! This section is under construction. I am still confused about the exact rules for Urdu vowel representation, so I also expect more errors to occur here.// //Warning! This section is under construction. I am still confused about the exact rules for Urdu vowel representation, so I also expect more errors to occur here.//

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